Compound Words: Formation & Types

1. Compounding Prof. Walid Amer: Dean of the faculty of Arts Islamic University of Gaza

2. The components of Compounding words:

3. , Noun Postoffice, spaceship, Highschool, Womanteacher, he-goat, Dining-room, Parkinglot, Studentteacher, Paperbasket, self-expression, sunshine, bedroom, *departmentstore, Physicsbook. Verb+Noun: jump rope, pickpocket, flashlight

4. Noun+Verb: handshake, lifeguard. • *gerund+noun: living room, Swimming pool. • *noun+gerund: Fortune telling, House keeping,ice skating • Adjective+Noun:Gold coin, well-wisher, off-white, High school, smallpox, blackbird,*common sense,*blue print. • Particle+Noun: off-year, by-product, overdose • Verb+prep/Adverb: makeup, breakdown, grown‐up. • *Noun+pp: brother-in-law, commander-in-chief.

5. Noun+Verb: babysit, water skie, sleep-walk, sun-‐bathe, • Verb+Adjective: double-check. • Particle+Verb: overdo, outreach, overlook, upgrade. • *Adverb+Verb: ill-treat, dry-clean, cold-shoulder. Compound verb

6. Compound adjectives may consist of: Noun+Adjective: Water proof, Sky blue, air-borne, nationwide, • Adjective +Adjective: Icy cold, easygoing, good-hearted, • Noun+Noun:coffee-table,

7. noun+participle: French-speaking, good‐looking. • *adjective+past participle: absent-minded, blue--‐eyed, near-sighted, short-tempered. • *PP+Na wall-to-wall carpet. • *infinitive:a hard-to-please employer. • *coordinated elements a life-and-death struggle.

8. To combine between the two elements of compound, we have to take in consideration the relationship: • Syntactic relationship:like part of speech, co-ordination, verb and object, qualifier and noun, adverb and noun ,denoting the subject or the object. • Semantic relationship: denoting place or time, purpose, means or instrument, resemblance, and sex.

10. Compounds’ formationTypes of Compound nouns: • Solid or Closed form: consists of monosyllabic units. • Examples: lawsuit, wallpaper, makeup. • Hyphenated form: two or more units are combined by hyphens. • Examples: good-for-nothing, salt-and-pepper. • Opened or Spaced form: long words such as : distance learning, player piano, lawn tennis.

11. Analyzability: ( Transparency): • The meaning of the compound can be analyzed in different ways: 1. The relationship is attributive. The meaning of a compound noun is a specialization of the meaning of the head. The modifier limits the meaning. (endocentric compounds) Example: blackboard. 2. The relationships are expressed by prepositions, there is no obvious semantic head. (exocentric compounds) Examples: Footstool, armchair, office manager. 3. The meaning could be a generalization when the meaning could be induced from both units. Example: fighter bomber: it is an aircraft which is both fighter and bomber.

12. Compound Adjectives:It is a modifier of a noun. It consists of two or more morphemes where the left-hand morpheme narrows or changes the modification of the right hand one. Types of Compound adjectives • Solid modifiers: • Overtime usage: blackboard, downtown. • Number with fold as a suffix: sixfold, fifteenfold. • Points of compass: northwest, northwester

14. Hyphenated compound adjectives may have been formed originally by an adjective preceding a noun: • round table → round-table discussion • blue sky → blue-sky law • red light → red-light district • four wheels → four-wheel drive (the singular, not the plural, is used) • Others may have originated with a verb preceding an adjective or on adverb: • feel good → feel-good factor • buy now, pay later → buy-now pay-later purchase

15. Yet others are created with an original verb preceding a preposition. • stick on → stick-on label • walk on → walk-on part • stand by → stand-by fare • roll on, roll off → roll-on roll-off ferry

16. Compound Verbs • It is usually composed of a modifier and a verb. The modifier is usually a preposition but it can be an adverb, an adjective, a noun • Examples: Overrate, downsize, whitewash, browbeat.

17. Phrasal verbs: They are a combination of verb and prepositions. A phrasal verb is used in an idiomatic, figurative or even metaphorical context. The meaning of each word cannot be determined separately. Examples: Give in, find out, look after, blame on, serve as, look up to, etc.

18. Compounding in Arabic:

19. Other categories • Compound Numbers: from 11 to 19 • Numbers from 21 to 99. • Compound particles الحروف المركبة ( انما ، ربما، ريثما، حيثما، كيفما ، سيما ولا سيما ) *Defective verb Compounds: ما برح ، ما دام ، ما زال، ما فتئ *Two interrogative pronouns ماذا و منذا *proper noun: القاموس المحيط التل الكبير

20. Compound Nouns: • The structure (N+ Adj. ): the read seaالبحر الاحمر • A different syntactic structure: قسم من اقسام الكلام • Arabic possessive or Genitive structure: طلوع النهار ، عابر سبيل

21. Compound Adjective • Single-word adjectives: Trustworthyموثوق • Adj.+ Adj. : bitter sweetمر حلو dark blueازرق غامق • Simile: red-hotحار كالجمر blood-redاحمر كالدم • N+ Adj.+ Adj.: usually employing a prep. Sea-sickمصاب بدوران البحر blood thirstyمتعطش للدماء • Adv+ Adj. are rendered by possessive: Ever greenدائم الخضرة ever-ripe زائد الخضرة