Wednesday, August 21 st

1. Wednesday, August 21st Bell Work: Please pick up a copy of the The 5 Most Important handout from the front table. Find your assigned seat and begin completing the worksheet.

2. Daily Agenda: • Bell Work: The 5 Most Important • Word of the Day function • Lecture: Reconstruction Era • SFI Review Essential Question: Why can Radical Reconstruction be seen as both a success and failure? Homework: Study for Unit 5 Test (Tomorrow)

3. Function – a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function).) Complete the following analogy for the mathematical term function. Function : Numbers :: Recipe : __________ Analogy Wednesday, August 21, Block 2

4. Function – a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function). • Function : Numbers :: Recipe : Ingredients • A function needs numbers to solve the problem like a recipe needs ingredients to bake a cake. Analogy Wednesday, August 21, Block 2

5. Function – a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function). • Create a caption for this picture using the word function! Remember, a caption is a message beneath a picture that adds more information. Create a Caption Wednesday, August 21, Block 4

6. Function – a mathematical relation such that each element of a given set (the domain of the function) is associated with an element of another set (the range of the function). (Possible Answer) • Spheres go in and rectangular prisms come out. That is what functions are all about. Create a Caption Wednesday, August 21,Block 4

7. Reconstruction Era Healing a Nation and Moving Forward

8. Would Wade have been considered a radical or a moderate? Explain your answer. “If there is any stain on the present Administration, it is that they have been weak enough to deal too leniently with those traitors. I know it sprung from goodness of heart; it sprung from the best of motives; but, sir, as a method of putting down this rebellion, mercy to traitors is cruelty to loyal men. Look into the seceded States, and see thousands of loyal men there coerced into their armies to run the hazard of their lives, and placed in the damnable position of perjured traitors by force of arms.” -- Benjamin Wade, Speech to the Senate, April 1862

9. What to do with the South? • What is the political and legal status of the former Confederate States when the war ends? • Lincoln’s Ten Percent plan – easy • Congress tried their own with the Wade-Davis Bill – harder • Lincoln killed it with a pocket veto. • What is a pocket veto? • Lincoln’s Ten Percent plan was going to be used until Ford Theatre. • New President Andrew Johnson was going to go with Lincoln’s plan, but upset the Radical Republicans.

10. Based on this quote, what were Johnson’s views about giving freedmen voting rights? Do you believe Johnson’s views about voting rights for freedmen were common? Why or why not? “If you could extend the elective franchise to all persons of color who can read the Constitution of the United States in English and write their names and to all persons of color who own real estate valued at not less than two hundred and fifty dollars and pay taxes thereon, and would completely disarm the adversary. This you can do with perfect safety. And as a consequence, the radicals, who are wild upon negro franchise, will be completely foiled in their attempts to keep the Southern States from renewing their relations to the Union.” -- Andrew Johnson, letter to Mississippi Gov. William Sharkey, June 1865

11. Radical Reconstruction • So Radical Republicans take over • Led by • Thaddeus Stevens (PA) • Charles Sumner (Mass) • Remember him? • With Brooks? • In 1866 they had 2/3 majority in Congress. • Passed the Reconstruction Act of 1867 • Johnson vetoed, but overridden • Made Military districts

12. End of Slavery • Officially ended with the 13th Amendment • But the South then passed Black Codes. • What is the difference between Black Codes and slavery? • The Congress then passed the Civil Rights Act (1866) over Johnson’s veto. • Soon after passed the 14th Amendment. • Civil Rights • “No discrimination of race, creed, or color” • Also rules for southern states to rejoin Union.

13. IMPEACHMENT • President Johnson had vetoed many pieces of legislation. • The Radical Republicans set up a trap: • Tenure in Office Act – President could not remove cabinet officers without 2/3 vote of Senate. • Sec. of War Edwin Stanton was fired and the House drew up Impeachment charges against Johnson. • In 1868, after a 3-month trial in Senate, Johnson was one vote short of being removed from office. (Who is the only other President to be Impeached?)

14. In your view, is Schurz sympathetic to Johnson or critical of him? Explain your answer. “It was pretended at the time and it has since been asserted by historians and publicists that Mr. Johnson's Reconstruction policy was only a continuation of that of Mr. Lincoln. This is true only in a superficial sense, but not in reality. Mr. Lincoln had indeed put forth reconstruction plans which contemplated an early restoration of some of the rebel states. But he had done this while the Civil War was still going on, and for the evident purpose of encouraging loyal movements in those States and of weakening the Confederate State government there. Had he lived, he would have as ardently wished to stop bloodshed and to reunite as he ever did. But is it to be supposed for a moment that, seeing the late master class in the South intent upon subjecting the freedmen again to a system very much akin to slavery, Lincoln would have consented to abandon those freemen to the mercies of that master class?” -- Carl Schurz, excerpt from his autobiography, 1906

15. Freedmen’s Bureau • The Freedmen’s Bureau was established in 1865 to assist the newly freed slaves. • At first had authority to give them confiscated farmlands. • 40 acres and a mule idea • Stopped when President Johnson pardoned Confederates and they got their land back. • But most of the success came in the establishment of schools and hospitals throughout the south (and some reuniting of families)

16. How do you feel the author of the Staunton Spectator source would have viewed the impact and importance of the Freedmen’s Bureau legislation? How he might have viewed the law and Freedmen’s Bureau if he had been asked to write a letter to the editor of the Staunton Spectator, or if he had been asked to testify before Congress as the government considered the Freedmen’s Bureau bill. “The Lay of a Freedman “- Staunton Spectator (Sept. 1865) • Ise Free! Ise Free! de 'pfessor's yoke,De sword am cut in two,And darfore white men let me spoke,For Ise as free as you. • From massa, Oberseer and Lash,Ise free as you 'em aware,Ise free--to sleep in swamp and marsh--Ise free--to feed on Air. • De yankee Preachers preach to kill,Deysquench the Spirits thirst;I wish dare Bread of Life would fillDe empty stummuckfust. • Dey talk about De Promised land,Wiv milk and honey flowing,But when I reaches out de hand,Dar's no setch rations going. • Ise free to work for Daily Bread,And butter if I can,"And dis," de white man says to Ned,"Dis is to be a man!" • I s'pose it am; I bress de LordDatLinkum guv me free!But nebberd'less its berry hard,To starve on Liberty.

17. Southern Politics during Reconstruction • Scalawags – white southerners who joined Republicans • Mainly small farmers • Carpetbaggers – Northerners who moved south • Bad reputation because of some • The new freedmen, Scalawags, and Carpetbaggers formed Republican majorities in many southern states around 1870. • Hiram Revels – 1st black U.S. Senator • Blanche Bruce - 2nd • As more Democrats regained the right to vote and intimidation took over, they lost power.

18. Southern Economy in Reconstruction • Economy in ruins after the war. • Confederate bonds worthless • Physical damage - $100 million in GA and SC alone • Property values much lower • Cotton prices lower (India, Egypt now in world market) • Sharecropping and Tenant Farming develop. • Bourbon Rule – (land) rich still had most of the power • Henry Grady – Atlanta Constitution – “change southern economy”

19. What is the caption at the bottom of the source? What sort of inference can you make from the caption about the cartoonist’s view of the Democratic Party? Based on what is visible in the source, how is the Ku Klux Klan represented? According to the source, how does the Klan enforce or execute its will or practice?

20. Intimidation • Ku Klux Klan started out against Republican rule in the south. • Nathan Bedford Forrest – founder, but later denounced it. • White Camellia Knights – another radical group • Enforcement Acts and President Grant helped put the KKK down • Would come back later in the 1920s • Ida B. Wells – would lead an anti-lynching campaign in the late 1800s

21. Reconstruction in North • Gilded Age Politics – notorious for corruption • Grant’s Presidency: • Credit Mobilier scandal involving railroads skimming off the top • Whiskey Ring, Navy Ring, Indian Ring • Panic of 1873 • Railroad speculation (bubble) cause banking crises • “Waving the Bloody Shirt” – Republican use it to unite party • People in North grew tired of Reconstruction • Social Darwinism idea in business, but also with races

22. Redemption • Amnesty Act of 1872 left only the top 500 confederate unable to serve • Democrats would take back over government • “yellow-dog democrats” • Election of 1876 • Rep – Rutherford B. Hayes • Dem – Samuel Tilden • Tilden had the most votes, but 3 states were in question for fraud • Compromise of 1877 • Hayes wins and military reconstruction ends

23. What does the author note about “Hayes and Wheeler”? In the source, what do you believe the phrase “Tilden If By Blood” means?

24. The New South • “Lost Cause” – looking back to “old south” • Redeemer Governments – South is democratically controlled until after World War II • Jim Crow Laws – Segregation laws • “as the army marched out, Jim Crow marched in” • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Supreme Court supported “separate by equal” doctrine (legally allowed segregation) • Atlanta Compromise speech by Booker T. Washington • “accepting of segregation,” idea of self-help with education and skills

25. Clicker Review Please come grab a clicker from the front table and return to your seat.

26. The idea of “Fifty-four Forty or Fight” applied to what area? • Oregon • Texas • Cuba • California • Canada Response Grid Answer Now 0 of 30

27. The United States tried to acquire what area with the Ostend Manifesto? • Oregon • Alaska • Cuba • Santé Fe • Texas Response Grid Answer Now 0 of 30

28. What candidate won the 1844 election on the issue of expansion in Oregon and Texas? • Henry Clay • James Birney • William H. Harrison • Zachary Taylor • James Polk Response Grid Answer Now 0 of 30

29. In what 1800s Treaty did the U.S. and Britain discuss the idea of jointly building a canal in Central America? • Webster-Ashburton Treaty • Clayton-Bulwer Treaty • Adams-Onis Treaty • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Treaty of Paris, 1848 Response Grid Answer Now 0 of 30

30. Who was not a part of the Texas fight for independence? • Sam Houston • John Fremont • Davy Crockett • William Travis • James Bowie Response Grid Answer Now 0 of 30

31. Participant Scores

32. What was proposed that said that any lands acquired in the Mexican War were forbidden to have slaves? • Goliad Proclamation • Gadsden Purchase • Bloody Spot Resolution • Wilmot Proviso • Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty Response Grid Answer Now 0 of 30

33. What was not an effect of the Mexican War? • Texas became free of Mexico • Slavery was the main issue in the U.S. • Lands in Southwest now controlled by U.S. • Trained soldiers to fight for Civil War • U.S. paid $15 million for Mexican Cession Response Grid Answer Now 0 of 30

34. The idea of Manifest Destiny included all of the following beliefs EXCEPT: • Commerce and industry would decline as the nation expanded its agricultural base. • The use of land for settled agriculture was preferable to its use for nomadic hunting. • Westward expansion was both inevitable and beneficial. • God had selected America as a chosen land and people. • The ultimate extent of the American domain was to be from the tropics to the Artic. Response Grid Answer Now 0 of 30

35. In 1893 historian Frederick Jackson Turner expressed his belief that the American frontier • had little impact on the development of the American character • would continually be of benefit to Americans because it would never end • hindered the growth of American democracy • was a vital factor in the development of American values, particularly the spirit of democracy • was of no importance Response Grid Answer Now 0 of 30

36. The incident between Preston Brooks and Charles Sumner in 1856 proved that • slavery would result in war if compromises were not enacted between the North and South • sectional violence had spread to the Kansas territory • sectional violence had spread to the floor of Congress • the violence that occurred during Bleeding Kansas would be repeated in other territories • the Constitution was not meant to include African-American slaves Response Grid 0 of 30

37. Participant Scores

38. Why did non-slaveholding southerners support the slave system? • some hoped to be slaveholders • they readily accepted the racist assumptions of slavery • they feared what freed slaves might do • as long as slaves were in the social order, poor whites were not at the bottom of the social pyramid • all of the above Response Grid

39. The Supreme Court’s decision in the Dred Scott case in 1857 effectively repealed the • Missouri Compromise • Fugitive Slave Act • Ostend Manifesto • Wilmot Proviso • Eleventh Amendment Response Grid 0 of 30

40. The concept of popular sovereignty involves • squatter’s rights to free land in the West • the open sale of land in the Mexican cession • removal of Native Americans from the Great Plains • the enforcement of fugitive slave laws • territorial citizens choosing to be slave or free Response Grid 0 of 30

41. The South’s decision to secede from the Union was • precipitated by the election of Lincoln to the presidency • expressly permitted under the U.S. Constitution • quietly allowed by Republicans • joined immediately by most southern states • led by Stephen Douglas Response Grid 0 of 30

42. Who was the radical abolitionist was wrote his views in The Liberator and involved women in his fight against slavery? • John Brown • William Lloyd Garrison • Sojourner Truth • Frederick Douglas • Harriet Beecher Stowe Response Grid 0 of 30

43. Participant Scores

44. Who successfully pushed through both the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act? • John C. Calhoun • Henry Clay • Jefferson Davis • Franklin Pierce • Stephen Douglas Response Grid 0 of 30

45. In the presidential election of 1860 • Abraham Lincoln won a majority of both the electoral and popular votes • the House of Representatives needed to choose the winner, as no candidate received a majority of electoral votes • Tennessean John Bell carried most of the Southern states • Lincoln's name did not even appear on a number of Southern state ballots • the Democratic Party's Northern and Southern leadership supported the candidacy of Stephen Douglas Response Grid

46. Who came up with a 3-part plan to defeat the Confederacy in the Civil War? • Robert E. Lee • Abraham Lincoln • Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson • George McClellan • Winfield Scott Response Grid 0 of 30

47. President Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation after what battle? • Shiloh • Gettysburg • Vicksburg • Appomattox • Antietam Response Grid 0 of 30

48. Who would lead the “march to the sea” and idea of total war? • Ulysses S. Grant • William T. Sherman • Robert E. Lee • George McClellan • Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Response Grid 0 of 30

49. Participant Scores

50. Northern Democrats that were against the war were known as • Copperheads • Carpetbaggers • Scallywags • Billy Yanks • Johnny Rebs Response Grid 0 of 30