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Canada: From First Settlers to Modern Diversity

Discover the rich history and diverse culture of Canada, from the early settlers and colonial rivalry to present-day urbanization and economic activities. Learn about the governance, primary industries, manufacturing, service sector, and multicultural landscape of Canada. Explore the different provinces and territories, including the Atlantic Provinces, Core Provinces, Prairie Provinces, British Columbia, and the Territories. Experience the vibrant sports culture, urban lifestyle, and economic growth that define modern Canada.

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Canada: From First Settlers to Modern Diversity

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  1. The First Settlers and Colonial Rivalry Early Peoples • After Ice Age, migrants cross land bridge - ancestors of Arctic Inuit (Eskimos) • Vikings found (Newfoundland) about A.D. 1000; later abandon – Leif Ericson Colonization by France and Britain • French explorers claim much of Canada in 1500s • Coastal fisheries and fur trade important • Britain wins French and Indian War; French stay Establishing the Dominion of Canada • 1791 Britain creates 2 political units called provinces - Upper Canada (Ontario) English-speaking, Protestant - Lower Canada (Quebec) French-speaking, Roman Catholic Continued . . . NEXT

  2. Continental Expansion and Development From the Atlantic to the Pacific • In 1885 a transcontinental railroad goes from Montreal to Vancouver • European immigrants arrive and find Yukon gold 1 Urban and Industrial Growth • Farming gives way to urban industrialization, manufacturing - within 100 miles of U.S. border due to climate, land, transportation NEXT

  3. Governing Canada The Parliamentary System • In 1931 Canada becomes independent • Parliamentary government: - parliament—legislature combining legislative and executive functions - consists of an appointed Senate, elected House of Commons - prime minister, head of government, is majority party leader • All ten provinces have own legislature and premier (prime minister) - federal government administers the territories NEXT

  4. An Increasingly Diverse Economy The Early Fur Trade • French and English trappers and traders expand westward Canada’s Primary Industries • Farming, logging, mining, fishing • Mining: uranium, zinc, gold, and silver • Fishing: domestic consumption is low, so most is exported The Manufacturing Sector • 15% of Canadians work in manufacturing Service Industries Drive the Economy • Most Canadians work in service industries, which create 60% of GDP Continued . . . NEXT

  5. • Heavy trade with U.S. same language, open border (world’s longest) - 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with U.S., Mexico – St. Lawrence Seaway - 85% of Canadian exports go to U.S. - 75% of Canada’s imports come from U.S. A Land of Many Cultures Languages and Religions • Bilingual: English is most common, except in French-speaking Quebec • English Protestants and French Catholics dominate Canada’s Population • Environment keeps 80% of people on 10% of land (near U.S. border) - 75% of French live in Quebec - Inuits live in the Arctic or reserves • Urbanization: 80% live in cities Continued . . . NEXT

  6. Life in Canada Today Employment and Education • High standard of living, well-educated population • Labor force is 55% men, 45% women - 75% in service industries, 15% in manufacturing • Today, Canada has a 97% literacy rate Sports and Recreation • Popular sports: skating, ice hockey, fishing, skiing, golf, hunting - Canada has own football league; other pro teams play in U.S. leagues Continued . . . NEXT

  7. The Atlantic Provinces • Eastern Canada’s Atlantic Provinces: - Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland • Only 8% of Canada’s population, due to bad terrain and weather Economic Activities • largest industry: logging • St. Lawrence Seaway – ship route built by US and Canada, which connects Great Lakes to Atlantic Ocean. It uses locks to raise and lower water to allow shipping • hydro-electric power Continued . . . NEXT

  8. The Core Provinces—Quebec and Ontario The Heartland of Canada • Quebec City: French explorer Samuel de Champlain built the fort in 1608 • 60% Canada’s population live in Core Provinces Ontario and Quebec • Ottawa, Ontario is the national capital The Prairie Providences Canada’s Breadbasket • Great Plains Prairie Provinces:Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta • 50% of Canada’s agricultural production, 60% of mineral output - Alberta has coal, oil deposits; produces 90% of Canada’s natural gas Continued . . . NEXT

  9. The Pacific Province and the Territories British Columbia • British Columbia—westernmost province, mostly in Rocky Mountains - 1/2 is forests; 1/3 is frozen tundra, glaciers • Most people live in southwest cities - Victoria, Vancouver • Economy built on logging, mining, hydroelectric power The Territories • The three northern territories account for 41% of Canada’s land – Yukon, Nunavut, Northwest Territories • Sparsely populated - rugged land and severe climate • Economies include mining, fishing, some logging Continued . . . NEXT

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