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Chapter nine

Chapter nine. Language and literature. 9.1 introduction. The history of style The definition of stylistics The features of stylistics in different periods: 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s Remarks of 申丹： plural-heads developments

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Chapter nine

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  1. Chapter nine Language and literature

  2. 9.1 introduction • The history of style • The definition of stylistics • The features of stylistics in different periods: • 1960s • 1970s • 1980s • 1990s • Remarks of 申丹：plural-heads developments • Different schools of stylistics compete for development and new schools emerge now and then.

  3. 9.2 some general features of the literary language • Features of literary language are displayed in the following three aspects: • 1. phonology • 2. grammar • 3. semantics • Literay language differs from non-literary language in that the former is foregrounded in the above three aspects.

  4. The term “foregrounding” • Definition • Deviation of language involves all levels of language: vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology,etc. • Repetition is also a kind of deviation. • Alliteration, parallism, and many figures of speech are the examples of foregrounding in literary language.

  5. 9.2.1 foregrounding and the grammatical form • In literary texts, the grammatical system of the language is often exploited, experimented with, or in Mukarosky’s words, made to “deviate from other, more everyday, forms of language, and as a result creates interesting new patterns in form and in meaning”.

  6. 9.2.2 literal language and figurative language • The definitions of the two • Is non-literary language the same as literal language? • Is literary language the same as figurative language? • What the difference of the two groups of ideas? • Literary language • Non-literary language • Literal language • Figurative language

  7. Trope • It is another word for the figurative use of language, which refers to language used in a figurative way for a rhetorical purpose.

  8. Some forms of trope • Simile • Metaphor • Metonymy • Synecdoche

  9. Why people use language in a figurative way? • The figurative use of language has the effect of making the concepts under discussion more domestic and acceptable. Readers can……

  10. 9.2.3 the analysis of literay language • Procedures we should follow when we analyze the grammatical structure and meaning of a literary text. • 1. • 2. • 3. • 4. • 5. • 6. • 7. • 8.

  11. The function of the figurative use of language • It might be to make the abstract seem concrete; to make the mysterious or frightening seem safe, ordinary and domestic, or to make the everyday usage seem wonderful and unusual.

  12. 9.3 the language in poetry

  13. 9.3.1 sound patterning • Rhyme is salient feature of poetry. • End rhyme occurs at the end of a line in a poem, the pattern is cVC. The last word of a line has the same final sounds as the last word of another line, sometimes immediately above or below, sometimes one or more lines away. • End rhyme is very common in some poetic styles, and particularly in children’s poetry. • It is also a feature in plays and songs.

  14. 9.3.2 different forms of sound patterning / different rhymes • Internal rhyme: • Alliteration: the initial consonants are identical in it (Cvc). • Assonance : it describes syllables with a common vowel (cVc). • Consonance: it describes syllables with the same consonants (cvC). It is also called half-rhyme. • Reverse rhyme: syllables sharing the vowel and initial consonant, CVc, rather than the vowel and the final consonant as is the case in end rhyme, Cvc. • Pararhyme: two syllables having the same initial and final consonants, but different vowels (CvC), they pararhyme. • Repetition: two exactly same syllables.

  15. 9.3.3 stress and metrical patterning • Stressed syllable • Unstressed syllable • Which syllable is stressed is decided by two elements: • 1. • 2. • Rhyme: the repetition of a sound or sound combination. (韵） • Rhythms （节奏）come out of the arrangment of stressed and unstressed syllables. • When stress is organized to form regular rhythms, the term used for it is meter. (韵律） • Units of meter are called feet. (音步）

  16. The types of feet • Iamb: • Trochee: • Anapest : • Dactyl: • Spondee: • Pyrrhic:

  17. Lines with different numbers of feet • Dimeter: a line with two feet. • Trimeter: • Tetrameter: • Pentameter: • Hexameter: • Heptameter: • Octameter:

  18. 9.3.4 conventional forms of meter and sound • Couplet • Quatrains • Blank verse • Sonnet • Free verse • Limericks • ? What is the difference of blank verse and free verse?

  19. The poetic functions of sound and metre • Why do poets use sound and metrical patterning in their poetry? • 1. • 2. • 3. • 4. • 5. • 6.

  20. 9.3.6 how to analyse poetry? • Areas of discussion should be covered when we analyse poetry? • 1. • 2. • -a • -b • -c • -d • -e • -f

  21. 9.4 the language in fiction • Three levels of discourse to account for the language of fictional prose( i.e. a novel or short story) • 1. • 2. • 3. • At least there are six viewpoints to analyse the discourse structure of a fictional prose.

  22. I-narrators/ the first person narration • 叙述者以“我”的口吻说话，并且他本人就是小说中的一个人物。如：The Catcher in the Rye, Wuthering Heights, Moby Dick. • Strong points of it …… • Weak points of it……

  23. Third-person narration • 叙述者是故事的局外人，他谈到作品本身的人物时，只呼其名或以“他”、“她”、“他们”来称呼。如Tom Jones by Henry Fielding

  24. Schema-oriented language

  25. Given and new information

  26. deixis

  27. 9.4.2 speech and thought presentation • (1) speech can be presented in five ways: • 1) • 2) • 3) • 4) • 5) free indirect speech • examples

  28. Thought presentation • (2) thought can be presented also in five ways. • As the effects associated with NRT, NRTA or IT are roughly the same as those associated with speech presentation, attention will be focused on the discussion of DT and FIT.

  29. Direct thought • The usage of it • The difference of direct thought and soliloquy.

  30. Free indirect thought • The typical effect of it…… • The marked difference of FIS and FIT

  31. stream of consciousness writing • Limited point of view of the third-person narration

  32. The features of stream of consciousness writing • The most free version of DT • Highly elliptical sentence structure • ……

  33. Prose style • Authorial style • Text style

  34. 9.4.4 how to analyse the language of fiction • 1. • 2. • 3. • 4. • 5. • 6.

  35. 9.5 the language in drama • A play exists in two ways---- on the page, and on the stage. • The different features of the two types of play

  36. 9.5.1 how should we analyse drama? • Drama as poetry • Drama as fiction • Drama as conversation

  37. 9.5.2 analyze the dramatic language • 1. turn quantity and length • 2. exchange sequence • 3. production errors • 4. the cooperative principle • 5. status marked through language • 6. register • 7. speech silence

  38. 9.5.3 how to analyze dramatic texts? • 1. • 2. • 3.

  39. 9.6 the cognitive approach to literature

  40. 9.6.1 theoretical background • Three cognitive tools • Figure and ground • Image schemata • Cognitive metaphor

  41. 9.6.2 an example of cognitive analysis

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