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CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTION. Foundation. A foundation supports the weight of a structure, sometimes called substructures Three parts of foundation : earth, footing and vertical supports Spread footing is used for hard grounds Piles are used is the ground is soft, or the site is marshy or under water.

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CONSTRUCTION

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  1. CONSTRUCTION

  2. Foundation • A foundation supports the weight of a structure, sometimes called substructures • Three parts of foundation : earth, footing and vertical supports • Spread footing is used for hard grounds • Piles are used is the ground is soft, or the site is marshy or under water

  3. Superstructure • It is the part of a structure that is above the ground (exceptions: tunnel or pipeline) • Mass Superstructures: large masses of materials -- Dams and monuments • Bearing Wall Superstructures: enclose a space with walls -- castle • Framed Superstructures: a framework to support the building – most buildings today. • Lumber, steel, concrete are used to build a framed superstructure

  4. Types of Structures • Bridges • Beam bridge • One beam to cross a distance • Arch bridge • Use of an arch • Aqueduct is a raised channel to carry water from one place to another • Cantilever bridge • Two diving boards facing each other • The sections are firmly attached at their ends • Another section may be added to provide a link if the sections do not meet • Huge force to support each end --- Double cantilever bridge • Suspension bridge • They bridge wide spans • Use of steel cables to hang the deck(roadbed) from towers

  5. Types of Structures • Buildings • Four kinds of building construction • Residential • Commercial • Institutional • Industrial • Aesthetic design and beauty are important in the first three kinds • Land costs for the industrial buildings are fairly low • Lumber is building houses –- dimensional lumber --- 8’ by 2” by 4” • Insulations(fiberglass, plastic foam), electrical wiring, and plumbing pipes are placed in the framework • Plaster boards (sheetrock) are sheets of plaster covered with heavy paper --- inside walls • Composites or plywood panels are used for outside walls. They may be covered with wood or aluminum siding

  6. Types of Structures • Penalized construction --- parts of houses are built in a factory • Apartment houses, institutional and commercial buildings are framed with steel or reinforced concrete • Beams support the load of the floors and walls • Columns transfer the weight from the beams to the foundation • Reinforced concrete beams and columns are cast in place at the site • Tunnels • Their idea is probably taken from an animal burrow • Tunnels under water and through mountains have shortened travel routes since ancient times • Tunneling shield holds the earth up while tunnel is being dug ---1818 • Tunnels dug into rock are drilled and blasted by explosives • Shot Crete prevents water from seeping through the rock • Tunnels in soft ground can be machined using large cutters – 15’

  7. Types of Structures • Fort McHenry Tunnels • Tube making begins with steel panels • The panels are welded together to form a shell plate • Shell plate is wrapped around a specially designed reel to make a module • Sixteen modules (eight for each tube) are joined. They form one section of the double-barreled tube. Each tube holds two lanes of roadway. • Dam plates seal each end of the tube

  8. Types of Structures • Roads • Modern road building started in late 1700s with the ideas of a Scotsman named John Loudon McAdam --- hard soil + stone + tar • McAdam roads were higher in the center than at the edges • A material used as a surface of roads these days is named after him --- macadam • Since early 1900s, roads have been built of concrete or macadam • Road construction • Choose the route • Smoothen the ground by bulldozers • Press down the soil by heavy rollers • Cover the soil with stone • Make a pavement of about 1’ thickness of concrete, macadam or asphalt • Center barriers, good lighting and traffic control devices

  9. Types of Structures • Other Structures • Airports, canals, dams and pipelines etc • Large construction companies often have different division for different structures • Renovation • It is the process of rebuilding an existing building • Carried out for a change in the style of the building or to fulfill the repairing needs of the building • Renovation is less costly than demolishing a structure and building it all over again

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