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PROGRESSIVE ERA 1890s-1920

PROGRESSIVE ERA 1890s-1920. A21 w 9.2.13. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS. Who were the Progressives? What reforms did they seek? How successful were Progressive Era reforms in the period 1890-1920? Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition).

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PROGRESSIVE ERA 1890s-1920

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  1. PROGRESSIVEERA1890s-1920 A21w 9.2.13

  2. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • Who were the Progressives? • What reforms did they seek? • How successful were Progressive Era reforms in the period 1890-1920? Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)

  3. ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVE REFORM

  4. What is progressivism? If you are making progress, then you are advancing or moving towards a goal. The Progressivism Era was the timeframe when America tried to fix all of the problems that existed in the Industrial Revolution Era. When you fix a problem it’s called ‘reform’.

  5. Progressivism WHO?“Progressives” • urban middle-class:managers & professionals; women • Some were muckrakers: journalists who told everyone about the problems WHY?Address the problems arising from: • industrialization (big business, labor strife) • urbanization (slums, political machines, corruption) • immigration (ethnic diversity) • inequality & social injustice (women & racism) WHEN? “Progressive Reform Era” 1890s 1901 1917 1920s

  6. Progressivism Goals • Democracy– government accountable to the people, involve citizens • Regulation of corporations & monopolies – protect the consumer • Social justice – workers, poor, minorities, immigrants • Environmental protection HOW SHOULD WE ACHIEVE THE GOALS? • Government (laws, regulations, programs) • Efficiency • value experts, use of scientific study to determine the best solution

  7. “Muckrakers” such as: Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (1890) Upton Sinclair – The Jungle (1906) Nellie Bly – Blackwell’s Island (1887) Ida Tarbell – “TheHistory of the Standard Oil Co.” (1902) Origins of Progressivism Upton Sinclair Ida Tarbell

  8. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • Who were the Progressives? They were called muckrakers. They were every day people who wanted to make America better, such as Ida Tarbell and Upton Sinclair. Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)

  9. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS • What reforms did they seek? They wanted better working conditions and pay, more control over large companies, less discrimination, humane treatment of the mentally ill, etc. Consider: political change, social change (industrial conditions, urban life, women, prohibition)

  10. Pretest #1.1 If you are on a 0, here is another chance to move to a 1. On a piece of paper, write down three problems that needed to be solved after the Second Industrial Revolution was over and the 20th century was beginning.

  11. Pretest #1.1 – Answer Key In addition to all of the problems identified from the book, this slide show also mentioned: • Poor people living in tenements • Poor working conditions in the meat industry • Mentally ill people were being abused • Monopolies such as the Standard Oil Company

  12. Reform Example #1 - Provides More Money for the Federal Government so They can Make Changes 16th Amendment • Ratified only 103 years ago • Allows the federal government to levy (charge) income tax • Watch this video for the history

  13. MUNICIPAL & STATE REFORMS

  14. Cities make Reform!!! Cities were run by the politicians but…is that a good idea? Have a conversation with your learning partner to identify all of the responsibilities cities have. What services do they provide? Jot down your ideas so you can share with the class. Answers: parks, libraries, schools, police, fire fighters, water, trash pickup, streets, lighting, tax collection, pet control, building inspections, speed humps, graffiti clean up, noise complaints, airports No one person can know everything about all of it! So…what change (progress) was made?

  15. Reform Example #2 – Cities are run by professionals, not politicians council-manager plan (Dayton, 1913) strong mayor system MAYOR COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER CITY SERVICES COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER COUNCIL MEMBER CITY MANAGER CITY SERVICES

  16. States Make Reforms Politically! Wisconsin became known as the Laboratory of Democracy as they experimented with new ways to incorporate citizens into the government. Their leader was Governor Robert M. LaFollette. Robert M. LaFollette, Wisconsin Governor 1900-06

  17. Reform Example #3 – Give the Government Back to the People! • Initiative – this is when citizens help make state laws For example: Shannon’s Law in Arizona • June 1999, Shannon Smith, 14-years-old was talking on the phone in the backyard of her Phoenix home • A gun was fired into the air over one mile away • The bullet hit Shannon in the head, killing her • Her parents fought to make it illegal to fire guns into the air in Arizona; Arizona Revised Statute 13-3107 was passed into law in April 2000

  18. Reform Example #4 – Give the Government Back to the People! • Referendum – this is when citizens vote on the initiatives For example: Proposition 123 in Arizona • Governor Doug Ducey is trying to raise funds for schools • If Prop 123 passes, $1.4 billion will be paid to schools through the general fund, which is money Arizona can use in any way it wants to. An additional $2 billion will come from land that Arizona owns and rents out to businesses. • Although giving money to schools is good, there is a lot of controversy about using Arizona’s land

  19. Reform Example #5 – Give the Government Back to the People! • Recall – this is when citizens vote to remove a politician from office For example: Diane Douglas • State Superintendent, elected Nov. 2014 • Anthony Espinoza wanted to recall stating she had no educational or public policy experience, missed 16 public debates, and made comments about repealing Common Core when she can’t legally do so • Mr. Espinoza had to submit over 366,000 signatures by Dec 30, 2015 to start the recall process but didn’t have enough. If he had been successful, Arizona citizens would have to vote in order to determine if Ms. Douglas would be recalled.

  20. Reform Example #6 – Give the Government Back to the People! • 17th Amendment - Ratified in April 1913 - Prior to 1913, citizens of a state elected the Senators and Representatives at the state level, then those folks decided who the Senators and Representatives would be at the federal level - Now citizens vote for both levels of Senators and Representatives (the state and the federal level) - Watch the first 5 minutes, 8 seconds of this video

  21. In summary… The states had to step up and do something because… the federal government wasn’t doing anything…yet… so…

  22. States Make Reforms Socially! • professional social workers were hired – these are state employees who check on children, the elderly, and the mentally ill to ensure they are treated fairly • settlement houses– provided education, culture, and day care for immigrant families • child labor laws - enabled education and advancement for working class children

  23. Reform Examples #7 to 12 – Social Justice Must be Accomplished! States had both workplace & labor reforms: • Passed child labor laws • Implemented eight-hour work days • Allowed unionization • Improved safety & health conditions in factories • Gave workers compensation laws • Started minimum wage laws

  24. Reform Example #7 – Social Justice Must be Accomplished! States Passed Child Labor Laws, such as Massachusetts who required children under 15 years old at attend school 3 months out of the year.

  25. Reform Example #7 – Social Justice Must be Accomplished! States Passed Child Labor Laws, such as New York who made it illegal for cigars to be made in tenements where most children worked and lived.

  26. Reform Example #9 – Social Justice Must be Accomplished! In order to obtain all of these social justices, labor unions were created. Employees would sign up to be a member of the labor union. They then voted for a Board, which is a group of people who would negotiate better working conditions and pay for all employees who were members of the labor union. Here is a quick video.

  27. Reform Example #10 – Social Justice Must be Accomplished! Unions helped employees work in safer factories. States made laws about fire codes, child labor, and workman’s compensation. The catalyst? A fire that killed over 150 women and children.

  28. Reform Example #13 – Social Justice Must be Accomplished! • Settlement Houses – shelters for immigrants • Hull-House – Jane Addams Jane Addams (1905) Hull-House Complex in 1906

  29. Reform Example #14 – Social Justice Must be Accomplished! • Carry A. Nation – once married to an alcoholic • Wanted to make alcohol illegal, which is called Temperance

  30. STATE TEMPERANCE & PROHIBITION • Eighteenth Amendment Prohibition on the Eve of the 18th Amendment, 1919

  31. Reform Example #14 – Social Justice Must be Accomplished! In order to decrease poverty and abuse, the American people chose to prohibit alcohol from being made, distributed, and sold.

  32. Reform Example #14 – Social Justice Must be Accomplished! Prohibition – no more making or selling of alcohol; 18th Amendment, January 1920

  33. SOCIALISM ALTERNATIVE or REFORM?

  34. Do you remember Eugene V. Debs? He led the Pullman Strike in 1894 Was arrested for shutting down the entire country by causing a strike of the railroad employees in America SOCIALISM • Learned about Socialism while he was in jail. Eugene V. Debs

  35. SOCIALISM • Everything is fair because everyone receives the same goods and services • No one gets paid to work • Everyone receives their basic needs for free • Everyone receives the same basic needs • Government manages the economy and owns all businesses

  36. SOCIALISM • Debs ran for president in 1900, 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920 • He never won but in 1912 he received nearly 1 million votes Debs challenged people to consider what competition was like, after all, who were poor people competing against? It could not be Rockefeller, the billionaire! Socialists parade, May Day, 1910

  37. Let’s Summarize… Let’s see what John Green has to say about Progressivism…

  38. FEDERAL REFORM Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson as Progressive Presidents

  39. Assassination of President McKinley,Sept6, 1901 Leon Czolgosz shot President McKinley in 1901 in the chest twice. The President said, “be careful how you tell my wife.” Czolgosz was an anarchist, which is a person who believes that a country should be run without any government.

  40. Assassination of President McKinley,Sept6, 1901 President McKinley died ten days later of infection. Czolgosz, a Polish immigrant who was a child laborer in a steel mill, said he shot the president because he was the head of a corrupt government. He was electrocuted in October of the same year, 1901.

  41. When a president dies in office… the vice-president becomes president. When President McKinley was assassinated, his vice-president, Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States.

  42. Theodore Roosevelt:the “accidental President”Republican (1901-1909) Do you remember…he was played by Robin Williams in the movie Night at the Museum?

  43. Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” • The 3 “C”s – promises he made to the American people: • Conservation of Natural Resources • Control of Corporations • Consumer Protection

  44. Roosevelt Proves his Square Deal Can Work! • Roosevelt proved that he wanted progress through his unprecedented compromise with the Anthracite Coal Miners: • Miners went on strike asking for a 20% pay increase, an 8-hour working day instead of 10-hours, and input in future decisions that effected them. • Mining company would have nothing to do with it! • Without any legal right, President Roosevelt called the mining executives and miners to come to DC. • Roosevelt threatened to take control of the mines so the executives agreed to a 10% pay increase, 9-hour working day, and an arbitration board.

  45. First “C”: Conservation of Natural Resources • Created U.S. Forest Service (1906) • White House conference on conservation -1908 • John Muir – Mrs. Dale taught you about him! Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot, 1907 Theodore Roosevelt & John Muir at Yosemite1906

  46. CONSERVATION:National Parks and Forests

  47. Second “C”: Control of Corporations • President Roosevelt broke up 44 trusts, or monopolies, while he was president: • Sugar • Railroad (Northern Securities Corporation owned by J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill) • Harvesters • Fertilizers • Beef • President Roosevelt used the 1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Law to take the trusts to court and dismantle them • Removed economic control from these large corporations

  48. Third “C”: Consumer Protection • Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle • Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) • Meat Inspection Act (1906) Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle (1906), prompted President Roosevelt to order an investigation of Sinclair's allegations about unsanitary practices. Roosevelt then used the results of that investigation to pressure Congress into approving new federal legislation to inspect meatpacking practices and plants.

  49. President Theodore Roosevelt In summary… How many of you by a raise of hands has a teddy bear? The teddy bear was invented in honor of President Roosevelt. In 1902 he and his friends were out hunting for bears. President Roosevelt was the only one who hadn’t shot and killed a beer. His friend, Holt Collier, a former slave and Confederate soldier, tied a bear to a tree so President Roosevelt could finally have a successful hunting day. President Roosevelt didn’t think this was sportsmanlike so he refused to shoot the bear. When the newspaper told the story, they twisted it a bit to make it more interesting. They reported that our president, the big hunter, refused to shoot a bear! To honor the president’s obvious (but not true) dedication to bears, Morris Michtom, a candy store owner, made a stuffed bear and called it “Teddy’s Bear”. Within months the bears were mass produced!!

  50. Presidential Election 1908 • Although it was legal for Theodore Roosevelt to run for President again, it had been a tradition that presidents only hold office for two terms. • President Roosevelt wanted to honor this tradition so he did not run in 1908. • He did, however, put all of his resources into getting William Taft elected.

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