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Egyptian Civilization

Egyptian Civilization . “The Gift of the Nile”. Nile River. Begins in heart of Africa and runs over 4,000 miles Northern part- Lower Egypt Southern part- Upper Egypt Flooding -Agriculture, 10 mile wide Black Land, Red Land Natural Barriers. Course of Egyptian History.

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Egyptian Civilization

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  1. Egyptian Civilization “The Gift of the Nile”

  2. Nile River • Begins in heart of Africa and runs over 4,000 miles • Northern part- Lower Egypt • Southern part- Upper Egypt • Flooding-Agriculture, 10 mile wide Black Land, Red Land • Natural Barriers

  3. Course of Egyptian History • Menes- king who united Upper and Lower Egypt into single kingdom-3100 BC • First Dynasty • First capital at Memphis

  4. Old Kingdom • 2575 to 2130 BC – age of prosperity • Pharaohs- absolute power and religious leader • Bureaucracy- departments and levels of authority • Vizier- “steward of the whole land”, chief minister • Pyramids- dedicated to the dead-mummification • Great Pyramids at Giza built

  5. Mummification Steps Announcement of Death Embalming the Body Removal of Brain Removal of Internal Organs Drying Out Process Wrapping of the Body Final Procession

  6. Middle Kingdom • 150 yrs of anarchy- crop failures, cost of building pyramids, power struggles • 2050 to 1652 BC – golden age – stability • Expansion into Nubia, built fortresses • Trade with Crete • Hyksos came 1700 BC to occupy land. They awed the Egyptians with horse-drawn war chariots and Hyksos adopted Egyptian customs, beliefs, and names.

  7. Invasion by the Hyksos ended this reign

  8. New Kingdom • 1567 to 1085 BC- new militaristic path, more contact with Africa and Asia • Hatshepsut- first female ruler • Thutmose III- stepson, 17 campaigns • Akhenaton- introduced god of sundisk • Tutankhamen- restored old way, “boy king” • Ramses II- 1279 to 1213 BC, fought back and bragged all over temples • Everything collapsed in 1085 BC

  9. Ramses II Tomb • Fought with Hittites of Asia Minor but signed first peace treaty • Used gold from Nubia to pay army

  10. The Valley of the Kings is a valley in Egypt where, for a period of nearly 500 years tombs were constructed for the kings and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom. • With the 2006 discovery of a new chamber and the 2008 discovery of 2 further tomb entrances, the valley is known to contain 63 tombs and chambers (ranging in size from a simple pit to a complex tomb with over 120 chambers) • The royal tombs are decorated with scenes from Egyptian mythology and give clues to the beliefs and funerary rituals of the period. • All of the tombs seem to have been opened and robbed in antiquity, but they still give an idea of the opulence and power of the rulers of this time.

  11. Religion • Polytheistic • Sun God- Amon Re • Osiris- god of dead and Nile - prove oneself to him-Book of the Dead • Isis- taught women roles • Life after death- mummification-buried with everything they would need

  12. Society in Ancient Egypt Govnt Officials Merchants Peasants

  13. Daily Life • Married Young-boys at 14, girls at 12-monogamy • Men • Women- inherit property, enter business deals, buy and sell goods, go to court, divorce-priesthood for goddesses-no govn’t jobs or scribes • Concerns- family and property, produce children, especially sons to carry on name

  14. Writing and Education • Hieroglyphics- pictures and forms • Hieratic script- simplified version, cursive- record keeping, business transactions, general needs of daily life • Papyrus- plant woven together • Boys start as early as 10 yrs old

  15. Rosetta Stone • Early 1800s Jean Champollion discovered • Deciphered writings by comparing hieroglyphics, demotic script, and Greek

  16. Science and Math • Distinctive style • Geometry- buildings and surveying fields-area and volume • 365 day calendar- 12 months 30 days +5 • Medical expertise in human anatomy-splints, bandages, fractures, wounds, and disease while giving out cures as well

  17. Art and Literature • Gods and pharaohs much larger • People with heads of animals for certain traits. Sphinx at Giza as powerful lion-man • Tale of Sinuhe- how Egyptians viewed selves and others

  18. Riddle of the Sphinx • The Sphinx is said to have guarded the entrance to the Greek city of Thebes, and to have asked a riddle of travelers to allow them passage. • “Which creature in the morning goes on four legs, at mid-day on two, and in the evening upon three, and the more legs it has, the weaker it be?” • Man

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