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Levels of Processing in Cognitive Psychology

Explore and evaluate different cognitive models, such as Multi-Store Memory Model vs Levels of Processing. Delve into research studies on memory reliability, encoding processes, and memory traces. Discover how stimuli are analyzed and processed affecting memory recall. Understand the importance of attention, depth of processing, and connections with existing knowledge in memory formation. Gain insights into the principles behind Levels of Processing and its impact on memory retention.

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Levels of Processing in Cognitive Psychology

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  1. IB Psychology 12.13.16 Turn in: Nothing Take out: Notes, notes, notes Today’s Learning Objectives: Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process. Discuss, with reference to relevant research studies, the extent to which one cognitive process is reliable. Today’s Agenda: 3.4-3.5 MSM vs LOP HW: Discussion piece by Friday Celebrate knowledge of 3.1-3.5 on Thursday! You will NOT want to miss it!

  2. Summary of Multi Store Memory Model Components

  3. QUICK…WITHOUT LOOKING… WHAT WERE THE NUMBERS I GAVE YOU YESTERDAY IN CLASS? Did you remember? How?!? Did you forget? Why?!?

  4. Levels of Processing (LOP)Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process. • An alternative to the multi-store model • Emphasizes memory process rather than structure (the stores: SMS, STM, LTM) • Based on the idea that the strength of a memory trace is determined by how the original info was processed, or ____________? ENCODED

  5. Shallow processing Deep processing Structural Phonological Semantic Physical Feature Encoding… Creating/Extracting a meaning…is this still encoding? Levels of processing Auditory Feature Encoding…

  6. Shallow processing Deep processing Structural Phonological Semantic Weak memory trace Strong memory trace Levels of processing

  7. Levels of processing • Incoming stimuli pass through a series of analysing mechanisms • Memory traces are a product of how stimuli are analysed • Strength of trace depends on: • Attention (there’s that idea again…) paid to stimulus • Depth of processing carried out • Connections with existing knowledge • Consider why Skyline has constructed the humanities department in the way it has…any thoughts on the principles behind the practice?

  8. Levels of processing • Different levels of processing: • Structural – appearance • Phonological – auditory/sound • Semantic – meaning • Structural is the shallowest, semantic is the deepest

  9. Levels of processing • The basic prediction of the LOP approach is that the amount of info pps will recall/recognise will depend on how deeply the experimental stimuli were processed

  10. Levels of processing • Elias & Perfetti (1973) • PPs had greater recognition of words they had thought of similes for (semantic) than word they had thought of rhymes for (phono) • Craik & Tulving (1975) • Highest recognition of semantically processes stimuli, followed by phono, followed by structural

  11. Levels of processing • Morris et al (1977) • Semantic processing was not always best; it depended on how recall was measured: • Recognition – semantic best • Rhyming recognition – phono best • Why is it that songs help us remember things? • Let’s see how you do: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJ1yPz14LrU

  12. Levels of processing Strengths: • Influential model that focused researchers on processes that they had tended to neglect • The idea that the nature of a memory trace depends on encoding processes is well supported

  13. Levels of processing “Challenges” • Many different variables involved in determining how a stimulus is processed: • Depth • Spread • Elaboration • Distinctiveness • Very difficult to isolate these variables experimentally

  14. LOP and revision • You will recall more if you use… • Depth – make sure you understand & make connections between the topics & ideas • Spread – use several different techniques on the material • Elaboration – mental effort is required to store material effectively • Distinctiveness – make the material your own

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