Chapter 2 A.P. U.S. History

1. Chapter 2A.P. U.S. History

2. American Communities: The English and The Algonquins • Sir Walter Raleigh founds the Roanoke colony off the coast of North Carolina 1585 • He hoped to find furs to sell, develop plantation agriculture and discover gold and silver. • Wanted to exploit Indian labor • Respect for the Indians varied as did respect for the colonists • New colonist arrive 1587 who wanted to cooperate with the Indians but conflict arose. • English left the colonist for a three year period (Spanish Armada) and when they returned they were gone

3. Christopher Columbus’ contact with Americans in 1492 changes the world. Norseman came before them but had no permanent impact Western Europe was am agricultural society Improvements in farming technology during the middle ages increased productivity Majority of Europeans were Christians Famine was prevalent and 1/3 of western Europe’s population was wiped out by the bubonic plague between 1347 and 1353 Late 14th century monarchs of Western Europe allied themselves with merchants. While their cultures had weaknesses they could generate immense amounts of capital for overseas ventures The Expansion of Europe

4. During the Renaissance in the 14th to 16th century people are motivated by earthly concerns or the humanistic view this helped to motivate exploration Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal creates a academy to train seafarers who embark on new expeditions 1488 Portuguese reached the southern tip of Africa and had begun the Atlantic slave trade 10 years later Vasco De Gama sails around the southern tip of Africa Columbus convinces Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain to back him on an expedition 1492 finds the Caribbean islands Goes back to Spain and talks about the fabulous wealth and that the inhabitants could be enslaved Dies thinking that he has found a way to Asia Amerigo Vespucci is already describing the land as a “new World” The Expansion of Europe Cont.

5. The Spanish in the Americas • Created a lucrative empire in the Americas • Used a caste system to establish settler control • Spanish armies march across the Caribbean’s and slaughter the inhabitants • 1517 Spanish arrive in Mexico home of the Aztec Empire • Hernan` Corte`s arrives in 1519 forms an alliance with the enemies of the Aztecs, introduces a small pox epidemic and overthrows the Aztec Empire • They plunder the Aztec society capturing vast riches • Bartoleme` de Las Casas opposes the treatment of the Indians and compares it to Genocide (ex. Population of Mexico 25 million in 1519 within one century 1 million people alive) By 1900 Native American populations declined by 90%.

6. New trade items silver from the Americas to Europe Corn and potatoes went west from the east Sugar, rice, coffee, horses, and cattle went east to west. 1513 unsuccessful attempts to colonize the United State started in Florida Alvar Nu`nez Cabeza de Vaca’s published accounts of golden cities prompted further exploration Hernan de Soto travels south spreading disease to Indian societies 1539 Francisco Va`squez de Coronado travels the Great Plains and defeats the Pueblo Indians he did not find any GOLD Late 16th century Spain has a powerful American Empire 250,000 Europeans and 250,000 slaves. Governed by the Council of the Indies (it was a centralized bureaucratic system) The Spanish In The Americas Cont.

7. 1534-1541 Jacques Carter explored the St. Lawrence River-this established French claims in Canada Traded for fur and gave knives, firearms, and other products to the Indians Protestant Reformation played a critical role in the expansion of Northern Europeans in the Americas Martin Luther challenges religious dominance of the Roman Catholic Church and the idea that salvation could be obtained by doing good works or service to the church Enclosure movement- stimulated colonization when woolen trade expanded and took land from the farmers to create more room for sheep. This created a large unemployed population England gets caught up in the reformation when King Henry VIII wants a divorce and the pope denies it to him. He creates a separate church known as the Church of England When Elizabeth becomes Queen of England in 1558 she inherits a fierce rivalry between England and Catholic Spain Northern Exploration And Encounters

8. Northern Exploration And Encounters Cont. • She encourages Raleigh to colonize Catholic Ireland and Privateers (pirates) such as John Hawkins and Francis Drake to raid Spanish New World ports and sink Spanish ships • Created plans for colonies in the Americas and these intrusions upset King Phillip II of Spain who then tries to destroy England with the Spanish Armada • England wins and this ends the Spanish monopoly of the New World