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B ENZODIAZEPINE

B ENZODIAZEPINE. Gabriel J. Thompson. TYPE OF DRUG. A benzodiazepine also known as “ BENZO " or “DIAZEPAM” is a psychoactive drug. . HISTORY.

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B ENZODIAZEPINE

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  1. BENZODIAZEPINE Gabriel J. Thompson

  2. TYPE OF DRUG A benzodiazepine also known as “BENZO" or “DIAZEPAM”is a psychoactive drug.

  3. HISTORY The first such drug, chlordiazepoxide, was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed Valium since 1963.

  4. Benzodiazepines act by enhancing the actions of a natural brain chemical, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid). GABA is a neurotransmitter, an agent which transmits messages from one neuron to another. The message that GABA transmits is an inhibitory one: it tells the neurons that it contacts to slow down or stop firing. Since about 40% of the millions of neurons all over the brain respond to GABA, this means that GABA has quite an influence on the brain: it is in some ways the body's natural hypnotic and tranquilliser. This natural action of GABA is augmented by benzodiazepines which thus exert an extra (often excessive) inhibitory influence on neurons.

  5. COMMON AND GENERIC NAMED BENZODIAZEPINES

  6. Nimetazepam-Erimin Nitrazepam-Mogadon, Alodorm, Pacisyn, Dumolid, Nitrazadon Nordazepam-Madar, Stilny Oxazepam-Seresta, Serax, Serenid, Serepax, Sobril, Oxabenz, Oxapax, Opamox Phenazepam Pinazepam-Domar Prazepam-Lysanxia, Centrax Premazepam Pyrazolam Quazepam-Doral Temazepam-Restoril, Normison, Euhypnos, Temaze, Tenox Tetrazepam-Myolastan Triazolam-Halcion, Rilamir Estazolam-ProSom Ethyl loflazepate-Victan, Meilax, Ronlax Etizolam-Etilaam, Pasaden, Depas Flunitrazepam-Rohypnol, Hipnosedon, Vulbegal, Fluscand, Flunipam, Ronal, Rohydorm, Flurazepam-Dalmadorm, Dalmane Flutoprazepam-Restas Halazepam-Paxipam Ketazolam-Anxon Loprazolam-Dormonoct Lorazepam-Ativan, Lorenin, Lorsilan, Temesta, Tavor, Lorabenz Lormetazepam-Loramet, Noctamid, Pronoctan Medazepam-Nobrium Midazolam-Dormicum, Versed, Hypnovel, Dormonid Alprazolam-Helex, Xanax, Xanor, Onax, Alprox, Restyl, Tafil, Paxal Bretazenil Bromazepam-Lectopam, Lexotanil, Lexotan, Bromam Brotizolam-Lendormin, Dormex, Sintonal, Noctilan Chlordiazepoxide-Librium, Risolid, Elenium Cinolazepam-Gerodorm Clonazepam-Rivotril, Rivotril, Klonopin, Iktorivil, Paxam Clorazepate-Tranxene, Tranxilium Clotiazepam-Veratran, Clozan, Rize Cloxazolam-Sepazon, Olcadil Delorazepam-Dadumir Diazepam-Antenex, Apaurin, Apzepam, Apozepam, Hexalid, Pax, Stesolid, Stedon, Valium, Vival, Valaxona

  7. Appearance

  8. PURPOSES Benzodiazepines are useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures

  9. Therapeutic actions Clinical Use Anxiety and panic disorders, phobias Insomnia. Muscle spasms, spastic disorders. Fits due to drug poisoning, some forms of epilepsy. Premedication for operations, sedation for minor surgical procedures. Action Anxiolytic-relief of anxiety Hypnotic-promotion of sleep Myorelaxant-muscle relaxation Anticonvulsant-stop fits, convulsions Amnesia-impair short-term memory

  10. CATEGORIES Benzodiazepines are categorized as either short-, intermediate-, or long-acting. Short- and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety.

  11. IMMEDIATE EFFECTS Benzodiazepines enhance receptors, resulting in sedative, hypnotic, anti-anxiety, and muscle relaxant properties!

  12. POSSIBLE SHORT TERM Panic attacks, agoraphobia Insomnia, nightmares Tremors, muscle spasms, stiffness, pain, hallucinations, depression, psychosis

  13. POSSIBLE LONG TERM Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Neurological - tinnitus, neuropathy Motor - muscle spasms, stiffness, pain Gastrointestinal Cognitive impairment

  14. OTHER PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED Oversedation Memory and cognitive impairment, traffic accidents, falls and fractures,mentalconfusion/dementia in the elderly. Additive effects with alcohol/drugs Aggressiveness, violence,baby battering, wife beating Dependence/withdrawal Illicit abuse suicide, Aggression, violence, antisocial behavior, risks to fetus if pregnant, unemployment through illness. Recreational abuse AIDS, hepatitis, unwanted pregnancy

  15. Veterinary use Benzodiazepines are used in veterinary practice in the treatment of various disorders and conditions. As in humans, they are used in the first-line management of seizures, status epilepticus, and tetanus, and as maintenance therapy in epilepsy (in particular, in cats). They are widely used in small and large animals (including horses, swine, cattle and exotic and wild animals) for their anxiolytic and sedative effects, as premedication before surgery, for induction of anesthesia and as adjuncts to anesthesia.

  16. FINAL

  17. Works Cited "Benzodiazepine." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 Dec. 2013. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. "List of Benzodiazepines." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 02 May 2013. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. "Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines—Side Effects, Abuse Risk and alternatives."Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines-Side Effects, Abuse Risk and Alternatives. N.p., 1 Apr. 2000. Web. 11 Feb. 2014.

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