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KARAGANDA STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY Department: History of Kazakhstan and social-political disciplines Lecture 14. Formation of socio-political philosophy of the second half of the XIX c. Temirbekova M.Y. - teacher of department’s History of Kazakhstan and SPD, Master of Humanities.
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KARAGANDA STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITYDepartment: History of Kazakhstan and social-political disciplines Lecture 14 Formation of socio-political philosophy of the second half of the XIX c. Temirbekova M.Y. - teacher of department’s History of Kazakhstan and SPD, Master of Humanities
Brief contents • Anthropological materialism of Feuerbach • Philosophy of Fichte • Philosophy of Shelling
Anthropological materialism of Feuerbach • Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach (1804 – 1872) was a German philosopher and anthropologist best known for his book The Essence of Christianity, which provided a critique of Christianity which strongly influenced generations of later thinkers, including both Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. • Philosophy • Essentially the thought of Feuerbach consisted in a new interpretation of religious phenomena, giving an anthropological explanation. Following Schleiermacher’s theses, Feuerbach thought religion was principally a matter of feeling in its unrestricted subjectivity. So the feeling breaks through all the limits of understanding and manifests itself in several religious beliefs. But, beyond the feeling, is the fancy, the true maker of projections of "Gods" and of the sacred in general.
Philosophy of Fichte • Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762 – 1814) is one of the major figures in German philosophy in the period between Kant and Hegel. Initially considered one of Kant’s most talented followers, Fichte developed his own system of transcendental philosophy, the so-called Wissenschaftslehre (Doctrine of Scientific Knowledge). Through technical philosophical works and popular writings Fichte exercised great influence over his contemporaries, especially during his years at the University of Jena. His influence waned towards the end of his life, and Hegel’s subsequent dominance relegated Fichte to the status of a transitional figure whose thought helped to explain the development of German idealism from Kant’s Critical philosophy to Hegel’s philosophy of Spirit. Today, however, Fichte is more correctly seen as an important philosopher in his own right, as a thinker who carried on the tradition of German idealism in a highly original form. • Fichte also wrote works of political philosophy and is considered one of the fathers of German nationalism.
Central theory. In his work Foundations of Natural Right (1796), Fichte argued that self-consciousness was a social phenomenon - an important step and perhaps the first clear step taken in this direction by modern philosophy. A necessary condition of every subject's self-awareness, for Fichte, is the existence of other rational subjects. These others call or summon (fordern auf) the subject or self out of its unconsciousness and into an awareness of itself as a free individual.
Philosophy of Shelling • Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling (1775-1854) is one of the great German philosophers of the late 18th and early 19th Century. Some historians and scholars of philosophy have classified him as a German Idealist, along with J. G. Fichte and G. W. F. Hegel. Such classifications obscure rather than illuminate the importance and singularity of Schelling’s place in the history of philosophy. This is because the dominant and most often limited understanding of Idealism as systematic metaphysics of the Subject is applicable more to Hegel’s philosophy than Schelling’s. While initiating the Post-Kantian Idealism of the Subject, Schelling went on to exhibit in his later works the limit and dissolution of such a systemic metaphysics of the Subject. • Encounter with the works of Schelling often baffles the scholars and historians of philosophy. Schelling’s works seem to exhibit the lack of consistent development or systematic completion which most of his contemporaries possess. As a result scholars and historians of philosophy complain of the absence of a “single” Schelling.
For the sake of convenience we can roughly divide the philosophical career of Schelling into four stages: • a. Naturphilosophie and Transcendental Philosophy • b. Identity philosophy • c. The Middle period: Freedom essay and The Ages of the World • d. Positive Philosophy (Philosophy of Mythology and Philosophy of Revelation)
