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In-Text Citations

In-Text Citations. Using A.P.A. Style. Purpose. Show what information you have taken from sources Show how to find further source information on the references page. Quotations. When should you use quotations?. Use Quotations When:. Taking four or more words from a source

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In-Text Citations

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  1. In-Text Citations Using A.P.A. Style

  2. Purpose • Show what information you have taken from sources • Show how to find further source information on the references page

  3. Quotations • When should you use quotations?

  4. Use Quotations When: • Taking four or more words from a source • An author makes a particularly poignant statement

  5. Block Quotation • When should you use block style to set off a quotation?

  6. Use a Block Quotation When: • Quoting more than forty words from a source

  7. Example of a Block Quotation …Robert Samboa (2003), general manager at Stamford’s Restaurant, agrees: Setting goals reminds employees to strive for perfection and promotion. Without goals, a job can quickly become simply a paycheck, and a paycheck isn’t enough when a company is wants to achieve a high levels of job satisfaction and customer service. Managers should note the types of goals set by each employee to better understand what motivates each individual on their team (pp. 43-44). Jackson (2008) asserts …

  8. Paraphrasing • When should you use paraphrasing?

  9. Use Paraphrasing When: • Condensing source information by stating it in your own words

  10. Citing Sources • Include in-text citations for both quoted and paraphrased material

  11. In-Text Citations Should Include: • The author’s name (or corporate author, or an abbreviated version of the title) • The year of publication • The page number (for direct quotes from print or PDF sources)

  12. A.P.A. Conventions for In-Text Citations • Year of publication should follow or appear near the author’s name According to Jackson (2007) In Jackson’s 2007 study In 2007, Jackson studied …aspect of retention (Jackson, 2007).

  13. A.P.A. Conventions for In-Text Citations • Page numbers follow quoted material According to Jackson (2007), “the right way is always the best way,” (p. 4) and she defines the right way as…

  14. Multiple Authors • If five or fewer authors, list all five in the first in-text citation According to McMillin, Cox, Edmonds, Wood, and Mason (2008) … …(McMillin, Cox, Edmonds, Wood, & Mason, 2008).

  15. Multiple Authors Cont. • In subsequent citations of five or fewer authors use et. al. • McMillin et. al. (2008) emphasize …

  16. Indirect Quotations • Cite both the speaker of the quote and the author of the article • Gerber claims that “employees should be encouraged to…” (as cited in Walls & Willis, 2009, p.9).

  17. Paraphrasing from Multiple Sources • Cite all sources to give credit and establish credibility …(Loftus, 2004; Testerman, Kuegler, & Dowling, 2009; Smith, 2008). Loftus (2004), Testerman, Kuegler, and Dowling (2009) and Smith (2008) all note that ….

  18. My Convention for Direct Quotes • Introduce the speaker of the quote before giving the quoted material According to Jackson (2007) “Employee retention…” (p. 8).

  19. Corporate Author • How should you cite a source with a corporate author or an organization as author?

  20. Corporate Author • Microsoft (2009) asserts… • …(Microsoft, 2009).

  21. No Author • How should you cite a source if no author was given?

  22. No Author—Use Abbreviated Title • In “A Short History” (2009) the author says… • …(“A Short History,” 2009).

  23. Two Authors With Same Last Name • How do you cite two authors with the same last names?

  24. Two Authors With Same Last Name • J. Smith (2001) and K. Smith (2001) disagree… • …(J. Smith, 2001; K. Smith, 2001).

  25. Two Sources Written by Same Author in Same Year • How do you cite articles written by the same author in the same year?

  26. Add Letters to Year of Publication • Berta (2009a) agrees … • Berta (2009b) agrees… • …(Berta, 2009a; Berta, 2009b). • Add letters to references page, as well.

  27. In-Text Citation Resources • Your textbook pp.180-182 • Purdue University Owl http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ • University Writing Center handout • University Writing Center tutor

  28. Problems With Word’s Citation Feature • Improper/incomplete in-text citations • Citations drop out when you copy and paste

  29. Conclusion • Attention to detail=correct citations=credibility

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