CAUBO 2004: Saskatoon, Saskatchewan ACADEMIC LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT

1. CAUBO 2004: Saskatoon, Saskatchewan ACADEMIC LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT June 12, 2004 Chet Warzynski Cornell University

2. QUESTIONS: • What environmental and organizational challenges are leaders in higher education facing today? • Outline the leadership competencies and capabilities (in HR and generally) are needed to meet these challenges, and how they can be developed? • What are some highly effective leadership development practices? • What is HR’s role in academic leadership development?

3. Cornell University • Founded in 1865 • Fourteen colleges and schools • 13,725 undergraduates • 6,500 graduate students • 3,091 faculty • 8,744 support staff • 217,886 alumni • $1.7 billion annual budget • $465 million in research • Public and private divisions • 200 departments • 57 cooperative extension associations • 4,000 undergraduate courses • 100 academic and professional fields • 27 Nobel Laureates • 400+ Active patents

4. Cornell University • Decentralized & highly differentiated structure • Semi-autonomous agents • Fragmented IT systems • Blended job responsibilities • Distinct academic & administrative subcultures • Strong allegiance to local unit • Significant diversity of views • Conflict-averse culture • Long-term, local employees • Job entitlement • Individual over team achievement

5. Organizational Alignment Cornell University’s Priorities: Inspire Community Introduce New Technologies Improve Partnerships Encourage Innovation Increase Productivity Maintain HR Quality & Support Organizational Capabilities Leadership/Supervision Customer Service Change Management People Issues Attract/Develop/Retain Alignment & Teamwork Learning & Innovation Productivity/Execution Organizational Development Strategies Leadership Development Reorganization & Alignment Performance Mgt Strategic Planning Team Building Project Mgt Work Process Change Training & Development Conflict Resolution

6. External Environment Leadership Organization Culture Mission and Strategy Management Practices Systems (policies & procedures) Structure Work Unit Climate Motivation Task Requirements & Individual Skills/Abilities Individual Needs & Values Individual & Organizational Performance The Burke-Litwin Model

7. The Struggle to Explain Leadership Definitions of leadership are influenced by the times in which we live: Trait Theory Behavior Theory Contingency Theory 1920s 1940s Today • Ohio State & Michigan Studies • Task oriented • Relationship oriented • Great Man Theory • Common traits & characteristics • Situational Leadership • Transactional / Transformational • Servant Leadership • Values-based Leadership TOMORROW: ACTOR- NETWORK LEADERS?

8. The Cornell Leadership Model: Be - Know - Do What does Cornell want its leaders to BE – KNOW – DO? Create the Cornell Leadership Model: -Identify the valuesand attributesof a Cornell leader. -Identify the skills and of a Cornell leader. -Identify the actionsof a Cornell leader. -Identify examples of Cornell leadership at its best.

9. Future HR Competencies* BUSINESS MASTERY LEADERSHIP PERSONAL CREDIBILITY HR MASTERY CHANGE & PROCESS MASTERY *D. Ulrich -HR Champions

10. History of Leadership Development Leadership for Quality Leadership Skill Training Leadership Assessment Leadership for Change Discovering Leadership 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2003

11. Culture of Discovering Leadership Change Management (Practices) Leadership Experience C & C Systems Teams • Satisfaction for those whom We serve • Scholarship • Learning • Outreach • Collaboration • Collegiality • Partnerships • Innovation • Entrepreneurship • Respect • Trust • Integrity • Stewardship • Productivity

12. Research on Leadership Development* • Lessons learned from experience have a lasting impact on how a person manages and leads. • Developmental experiences fall into four areas: • Challenging Assignments - 42% • Significant other people - 22% • Hardships - 20% • Other events - 16% • Challenge within experience drives learning forward and makes it developmental. *Center for Creative Leadership Benchmarks, Greensboro, North Carolina

13. Five Steps to Leadership Development: Have a model of leadership Get some feedback relative to that model Evaluate the feedback you receive Make a plan Work the plan Leadership Development

14. Learning to Learn from ExperienceAction-Observation-Reflection Model Action/Experience What did you do? Reflection How do you feel/think about it now? Observation/Feedback What happened?

15. Premises of Discovering Leadership Hegel: “We may affirm that absolutely nothing great in this world has been achieved without passion.” Ghandi: “Be the change you wish to see in the world.” Jung: “We discover ourselves through others.” T.S. Elliott: “We must not cease from exploration and the end of all our exploring will be to arrive where we began and to know the place for the first time.” Oliver Wendell Holmes: “What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny matters compared to what lies within us.”

16. "Leadership cannot really be taught. It can only be learned."— Harold Geneen

17. Features of Discovering Leadership • 300 Graduates: 61 faculty, 3 associate deans, 5 assistant deans, 25 chairs, 28 academic staff, 188 administrative managers • Discovery process based on experiential learning: “triple loop” action learning • Emphasis on safety, trust & values (social capital) • Self-assessment and understanding impact • Use of “live” data rather than case studies • Project-based assignments & applications

18. The Goals of Discovering Leadership Increase participant self-awareness Create new leadership experiences CULDP GOALS Improve communication and relationship-building skills Execute a customized learning and action plan Develop skills for leading & supporting change

19. Obstacles to Discovering Leadership A. Program Obstacles: • Competing definitions and models • Integration of three programs • Mixing faculty and staff • Duration of program • Team teaching B. Organizational Obstacles: • Developing sponsorship • Engaging faculty support • Acquiring funding • Marketing

20. Goldman’s Emotional Intelligence* Competencies 1. Self-awareness - ability to understand emotions 2. Self-regulation - ability to think & redirect impulses 3. Motivation - a passion to pursue goals with energy 4. Empathy - ability to deal with others’ emotions 5. Social Skill - proficiency in building relationships Hallmarks • Self-confidence, realistic self-assessment, humor • Trustworthiness, integrity, openness to change • Achievement, optimism, commitment • Building talent, cross cultural sensitivity, service • Effectiveness in leading change, persuasiveness, teambuilding *Adapted from Daniel Goleman, “What Makes a Leader?” Boston: Harvard Business Review, November-December, 1998, p. 95.

21. Attributes of Leadership* 1. Personal Credibility (Ethos) • Intelligence and competence • Clear values, goodwill, sincerity, integrity, and trustworthiness • Strong work ethic 2. Logical Strategies (Logos) • Rational dialogue • Mental models/tools (capabilities) • Evidence and proof 3. Emotional Strategies (Pathos) • Emotional commitment to values and beliefs • Appeal to personal interest • Achievement orientation *Adapted from E. Bettinghaus and M. Cody. Persuasive Communications. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1987.

22. Leadership Capabilities • Strategic Planning • Developing Culture • Team Building • Leading Change • Managing Performance • Negotiating Solutions

23. Model I: The Defensive Organization Chris Argyris, Overcoming Organizational Defenses Most organizations foster attitudes that are: • Controlling - they act and manage the environment unilaterally • Competitive – maximize winning and losing • Protective – of themselves and others • Withholding - of feelings and information • Attributive and blaming - of others • Adverse to conflict - at all costs

24. Model II: The Learning Organization Learning organizations foster attitudes where people are: • Data Seeking – exploring new and risky ideas • Collaborative – people are supportive and helpful • Empowering – autonomy and power sharing are valued • Open – actions and assumptions are confronted and tested • Commitment – people are engaged and take responsibility for actions • Feedback – individual and organizational feedback is valued

25. Model II: The Learning Organization AKA: The Resilient, Adaptive, Agile, Fast Organization John Kotter, Corporate Culture and Performance: Most successful cultures over time are adaptive. Outperform others by as much as 300%. The most visible factor is competent leadership. Change in Motivation: from controlling to learning Consequences: Learning and change are encouraged.

26. Moving from Model I to Model II Peter Senge:The Fifth Discipline Five Core Competencies: Dialogue Team Learning Model IPersonal Mastery Model II Vision Systems Thinking

27. 1. Identify challenges 2. Formulate key questions 3. Ask questions 4. Compare answers 5. Conduct best practice research 6. Evaluate answers/ research findings 7. Develop vision & goals 8. Build team & sponsorship 9. Develop project plan 10. Implement plan: empower, coach, develop 11. Measure performance & communicate results 12. Reward, correct, & improve performance Discovering Leadership Change Process

28. Discovering Leadership Program 1.Discovering the leader within (5 days) • Self-awareness, leadership skills, and personal mastery • Dialogue • Coaching • Conflict resolution & Interest-based negotiations 2. Developing teams (3 days) • Facilitating organizational systems • Consulting process & skills • Building high performance teams 3. Applying leadership to organizations (3 days) • Leading change • Strategic planning • Managing performance/measurement

29. Leadership Challenges and Strategies Leadership Challenges Strategies/Skills Methods/Tools Motivating Commitment Self and organizational awareness, personal mission, values and vision MBTI, CPI, Emotional Intelligence, 360 feedback, SYMLOG Group Assessment, Group Management Observation, personal learning and action plans, project assignments, executive coaching Communicating across roles and cultures Giving and receiving feedback, dialogue (inquiry/advocacy), building relationships & trust, managing diversity, managing conflict Scenario development, case studies, open space technology, left-hand column exercise, decision therapy, role practice Establishing shared values and goals Strategic planning & visioning, culture development, team design Future search conference, strategic planning,Values-clarification and alignment Coordinating across disciplines and functions Planning & facilitating meetings, developing group dynamics, building sponsorship & teams, group problem solving & decision making Organizational simulation, action research/learning, group problem solving and decision making tools Creating change for continuous improvement Dealing with resistance to change and building support systems, project management Action research/learning, organization development, organizational roles, and project assignments Developing accountability Performance measurement & management, organization design, coaching, and conflict resolution Balanced scorecard, coaching-by-type, interest-based negotiation

30. Participant Reaction Following Program* N=169 (Rating 5=high; 1=low) Group Info. Skills Effect Overall Pilot 4.6 4.5 4.2 4.5 Control 4.0 4.3 4.8 4.4 Group Ave. 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.6 Results: • Three intact work units – AF&F, CIT, NYSAES • Special program for other universities • Waiting list = 79 ( 21 faculty) *Reported in Warzynski, C. and Chabot, B. “Leadership Development at Cornell University,” in Ruben, B. Pursuing Excellence in Higher Education: Eight Fundamental Challenges. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2003, pp. 315-323.

31. Analysis of Program After One Year Quick Facts: • Survey developed by graduate students in Personal and Organizational Development course • Survey Response Rate: 51% (94/185 administered surveys) • Survey Response Time: Oct. 17, 2003 - Oct. 27, 2003 • 41 questions, combination of multiple choice and open-ended • Questions grouped into four categories: • Assessment of Program Effectiveness/On-the-Job Impact • Identification of Future Leadership Development Needs • Perception of Work Unit Performance • Participant Demographic Information

32. Summary of Survey Data

33. Strengths of Discovering Leadership Specific strengths as cited by program participants: • Self-Discovery and Self-Assessment • Building Teams and Organizations • Communication and Feedback • Leading Personal & Organizational Change • Managing Conflict • Cross-Departmental Networking • Strong Facilitators 60% of survey respondents rated the program as excellent.

34. Weaknesses of Discovering Leadership Specific weaknesses as cited by program participants: • Program should incorporate additional follow-up activities • Incorporate more real-life scenarios to facilitate knowledge transfer • Administrative leadership support is needed to create supportive environment for skill transfer • More emphasis on leading change, conflict management, and problem solving • Too much information inhibited knowledge absorption Stronger support needed from senior leadership.

35. Obstacles to Transfer • Over 30% of participants found that transferring their new knowledge and skills was difficult because other people in their department had not gone through the same training and were not open to new methodologies and processes. • Almost 50% of respondents reported that they did not have managerial support for transferring their newly gained leadership skills and abilities.

36. Future Leadership Programming • Strategic Thinking (in the context of the whole university) • Budget/Project Management • Organizational Development/Change Management • More on Conflict Management and Communication • Refresher Courses and Reunions

37. Summary of Program Results 1. Participants increased their understanding of different personality types for teamwork, leadership, etc. (23.4%) 2. Participants improved abilities to give and receive feedback, manage conflict, solve problems, and lead change. (20.2%) 3. 85% of alumni would recommend this leadership experience to a colleague. 4. 65% of the participants enjoyed the program. 5. The biggest obstacle to implementing newly acquired skills is the operating environment to which participants return.

38. Benefits of Discovering Leadership • Understanding and alignment of personal values, mission, vision, and impact. • Clear values, safety, trust, strong relationships, teamwork, community (culture & social capital). • Enthusiasm, optimism, and renewed commitment. • Increased initiative, innovation, agility & stability • Personal and organizational productivity. • Humanization of the work place.

39. Lessons Learned • Align leadership development with university’s and HR’s priorities, goals, strategies, and performance systems. • Conduct a needs assessment and relate participant needs and issues to exercises and relevant tasks. • Build safety and trust through informal, interactive exercises, e.g., ropes, coaching groups, energizers. • Provide self-assessment opportunities and exercises. • Structure learning activities around real issues; develop new experiences & competencies through simulations and role plays. • Link competencies to capabilities, e.g., strategic plans, project teams, OD interventions, performance & change management. • Provide access to coaching and organizational expertise. • Engage individuals in action learning projects and on-the-job applications.

40. Selected References on Leadership Development • Argyris, Chris (1990), Overcoming Organizational Defenses, Boston: Allyn & Bacon • Argyris, Chris (1993), On Organizational Learning, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell • Burke, Warner, W. (2002). Organization change: theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. • Covey, S. R. Principle-Centered Leadership. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991. • Cunningham, L. L. (1990). Educational Leadership and administration: Retrospective and prospective views. In L. L. Cunningham & B. Mitchell, Educational Leadership and changing contexts in families, communities, and schools (pp.1-18). Chicago: The National Society for the Study of Education. • Leithwood, K. Jantzi, D. and Steinbach, R. (1999). Changing Leadership for Changing Times. Philadelphia: Open University Press. • Senge, Peter M. (1990), The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of The Learning Organization, New York: Currency/Doubleday • Senge, Peter M. et al (1994), The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook: Strategies and Tools for Building a Learning Organization, Doubleday/Currency, New York • Scholtes, P. R. (1998). The Leader’s Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill • Wellins, R.S., Byham, W. and Dixon, G. R. (1994). Inside Teams: How 20 World-Class Organizations are Winning Through Teamwork. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. • Sobel, C. Studied trust: building new forms of cooperation in a volatile economy. In Richard Swedberg, ed., Explorations in Economic Sociology, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1993.

41. Discovering Leadership Questions • What environmental and organizational challenges are leaders in higher education facing today? • What are the expectations of leaders in today’s university? • What are some “best practices” for leadership development in the academy? • From a marketing perspective how can academic leadership development best be positioned in the university? • What should be HR’s role in academic leadership development?

42. Thank you very much.