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The World of Islam

The World of Islam. Essential Questions. What was the role of Muhammad in the development of the religion of Islam? What are the major characteristics of the religion of Islam? How did the Arab Empires develop and what were their contributions?

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The World of Islam

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  1. The World of Islam

  2. Essential Questions • What was the role of Muhammad in the development of the religion of Islam? • What are the major characteristics of the religion of Islam? • How did the Arab Empires develop and what were their contributions? • What impact did the Islamic and the Arab civilizations have on the Byzantine Empire?

  3. The Arab People • Semitic-speaking nomads of the Arabian peninsula • Caravan trade connected the region with North Africa, India/China, & Europe • Polytheistic religion • Chief god was Allah (“the God”) • Ka’bah – Black Stone in the city of Mecca (Makkah)

  4. Muhammad • Born in Mecca in 570 A.D. • Caravan trader married to Khadija • Spoken to by Allah through the angel Gabriel (knowledge of Jewish and Christian religions) • Recited what he was being told • Began teaching • Not accepted at first • 622 A.D. Moved to Yathrib (Medina – “city of the prophet”) • Hegira (journey to Yathrib, year 1 of Muslim calendar)

  5. Muhammad • Finds converts in Medina (Bedouins) • Became religious, military, and political leader • 630 returned to Mecca • Took over the city, most converted • Made Ka’bah sacred shrine of Islam • Died in 632

  6. Islam –“submission to the will of Allah” • Quran (Koran) – holy book • 114 chapters • Guidebook for ethics and code of law • Allah is the one god and createror of everything • Muhammad, Jesus, and Moses all prophets – Muhammad the last and greatest • 5 Pillars • Allah, Prayer, Ramadan, Pilgrimage (hajj), Alms

  7. Arab Empire • Caliph – secular leader of Islam • Jihad – “struggle in the way of God” • holy war? • Muslim warriors believed they were given a place in heaven if they died in a holy war • Abu Bakr • Muhammad’s father-in-law, became caliph • Expanded into Byzantine and Persian Empires • Those taken over were not forced to convert, but did have to pay a tax

  8. Umayyad Dynasty • 656 Ali becomes caliph (assassinated) • 661 general Mu’awiyah starts Umayyad Dynasty • Fighting begins over how caliph would be chosen • Moved capital to Damascus • Expansion reaches height • 717 failed to take Constantinople • 725 Spain mostly conquered • 732 loss in France at battle of Tours • Stops expansion of Islam into Europe!

  9. Islam Splits • Non-Arab Muslims upset at how Arabs were treated better • 680 – Hussein (Ali’s second son) leads revolt in Iraq against Umayyad (defeated) • Shi’a – descendants of Ali as the true rulers of Islam • Sunni – Umayyad dynasty were the true caliphs

  10. Abbasids (750 – 1258) • Umayyads became corrupt and lost control • Abu al-Abbas set-up the Abbasid Dynasty • Allowed all Muslims (Arab and non-Arab) to become leaders • Capital of Baghdad • Economic growth • Fighting over next caliph • Corruption (divorce and drinking) • Broke apart into many small dynasties

  11. Seljuk Turks • Mercenaries from central Asia that converted to Islam • 1055 captured Baghdad • Abbasid caliph still religious leader • Sultan (“holder of power”) became military and political leader • Conflict with Byzantine resulted in the crusades.

  12. Crusades and Mongols • Crusades (starting in 1000s) • At first Seljuk Turks ignored • 1099 – Crusaders take Jerusalem • Saladin leads Egyptian Sunni’s against Crusaders • Mongols • Took over Baghdad • Eventually converted to Islam • Islamic empire fell apart • Mamluk (slave soldiers) establish Cairo center of Islamic culture • Allowed for rise of the Ottoman Turks • Ended the Byzantine Empire • Ottoman Empire (1281 – 1920)

  13. Islamic Civilization • Politics • umma – community of believers (Muslim World) • vizier – high ranking political (sometimes religious) leaders • Shah, caliph, sultan • Trade • bazaar • Society • Many classes • Christians and Jews had to pay special taxes • Slaves • Women

  14. The Culture of Islam • Philosophy and Science • House of Wisdom (Baghdad) – held works by Plato and Aristotle • Paper from China, math from India • Math – Arabic # system, # 0, algebra • Astronomy – studied stars, astrolabe • Medicine • Literature • Arabic language • Omar Khayyam (The Arabian Nights) • Art and Architecture • Mosques • Influence in Spain

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