Chapter 27 World War I

1. Chapter 27 World War I

2. Imperialism – the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country. • Economic interests: Industrial Revolution required access to natural resources (rubber, petroleum, etc). Also needed new markets • Political & military interests: Steam powered merchant ships and naval vessels needed coaling stations and supply depots. They needed colonies for national security. Colonies = increased prestige world wide. Imperialism

3. Humanitarian goals: Many were concerned for the third world countries – missionaries, doctors, etc. felt it their duty to spread the blessings of western civilization and Christianity. • Social Darwinism: Many felt that the West was racially superior. European races, they claimed, were superior to all others and the conquering and destruction of weaker races was natural. • “White Man’s Burden” was belief that Western powers needed to introduce benefits of Western society to non-white cultures Causes

4. Explorers • Mungo Parkand Richard Burtonmapped the Niger, Congo and Nile Rivers.

5. Missionaries – They came after an area was explored – built schools, clinics, and churches. Most saw Africans as children who needed their guidance. They wanted them to reject their culture and adopt western civilization. Missionaries

6. Missionaries • The best known was Dr. David Livingstone who spent 30 years traveling Africa trying to help the people. • In 1869 journalistHenry Stanley went to central Africa looking for Livingstone. In 1871 found him in today’s Tanzania.

7. King Leopold IIof Belgium hired Stanley to explore the Congo River Basin – Publically talked of bringing Christianity and civilization to the area • This set off a mad grab for colonies in the rest of Africa commonly referred to as the “Scramble for Africa” with France and Britain in the lead. The Grab for Colonies

8. Berlin Conference– 1884- European leaders met to work out the land grab. They wanted to avoid bloodshed among themselves. No Africans were invited. • Recognized Leopold’s private claim to the Congo • Free trade on the Niger and Congo Rivers • Can have no claims unless you set up a government office in area The Grab for Colonies

9. The Grab for Colonies • The Congo– Belgium (King Leopold II) exploited the area for its copper, rubber, & ivory • Treated the people almost like slaves resulting in a severe population decline.

10. France • 1830s invaded and conquered Algeria • cost thousands of lives both French and African. • The late 1800s pushed into Tunisia and established colonies in West Africa

11. Britain • took parts of west and East Africa, Egypt and the Sudan • In Southern Africa they pushed the Boers out and in 1815 took the Cape Colony • Many Boers moved north

12. In the late 1800s gold and diamonds were discovered in the Boer territory • the British moved in—Cecil Rhodes • the results 1899-1902 the Boer War Britain

14. Ethiopia • late 1800s a new ruler MenelikII comes to power • will modernize his country and army and therefore was able to repel Italy in 1896 • Results: After all is done only Ethiopia and Liberiaremain independent in Africa

15. In 1910 the British united the Cape Colony and the Boer Republic into the Union of South Africa • creating a white run constitutional government commonly called apartheid– ended in 1993. Britain

16. Late 1700s British merchants made huge profits by trading Indian opium for Chinese tea and thus created an unfavorable balance of trade • gold and silver now going out of China. • The Chinese government outlawed the drug • In 1839 the Opium War started – modern British navy easily defeated the Chinese military Opium War

17. Opium War • 1842 – Treaty of Nanjing • British got a large indemnity – payment for losses in the war • They got the island of HongKong • China had to open 5 more ports to foreign trade • British citizens in China had extraterritoriality – the right to live under their own laws & tried by their own courts

18. Boxer Rebellion– 1899 – The Righteous and Harmonious Fists was name that Chinese called themselves (supported by empress) • Called Boxers by the West • They wanted to rid China of all foreigners. • 1900 they attacked foreigners all across China. The Boxer Rebellion

19. Chapter 27 World War I

20. Chapter 27 Section 1 • “I shall not live to see the Great War but you will see it, and it will start in the east” – • Otto Von Bismarck

21. In the early 1900s there were serious efforts to end war forever. At this point Europe had enjoyed a century of relative peace. • There was the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom– the members were believers in pacifism – the opposition to all war. ATTEMPTS AT WORLD PEACE

22. In 1896 – the first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens Greece.

23. 1899- the first Universal Peace Conferencewas held in the Netherlands—created the HagueTribunal– a world court to settle disputes between nations ATTEMPTS AT WORLD PEACE

24. tensions had been building in Europe for 50 years—International Anarchy each nation pursued policies without regard for the wishes or interests of its neighbors • nationalismwill play a part in bringing about World War I • nations came to believe that their nation was superior to all other nations • nationalism was strong among the newly united countries. Setting The Stage for World War I

25. Setting The Stage for World War I • nationalism also came into play between France and Germany • France was still very bitter by its defeat at the hands of the Germans in 1871. • Wanted Alsace-Lorraine • Germany and France will almost go to war over Morocco

26. In the Balkans Russia was sponsoring PanSlavism – a powerful nationalistic movement designed to unite all of the Slavic peoples under Russian influence. • In this region Serbia was one of its strongest supporters. • Caused tensions with Austria-Hungary Setting The Stage for World War I

27. Colonial rivalries over the search for raw materials, new markets, and statuscaused tensions to rise • Russia and Great Britain almost go to war over Persia (Iran) • Manchuria (oil) caused Japan and Russia to go to war—Russo-Japanese War 1904 Setting The Stage for World War I

28. Setting The Stage for World War I • militarismor the glorification of armed strength dominated the thinking of many European leaders before World War I - strong military states usually got what they wanted

29. military expenditures' increased 300% in Europe in late 1800s • a naval rivalry between Germany and Britain became intense • Two –power standard stated that Britain could defeat any two nations combined navy’s Setting The Stage for World War I

30. great powers in Europe during this time were Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, andRussia—all will become embroiled in World War I Setting The Stage for World War I

32. the alliance system was drawn up to keep the peace in Europe - it will actually be one of the reasons for the outbreak of WWI • German chancellor Otto von Bismarck united Germany by warfare and then tried to keep the peace in Europe • France seen as the biggest threat to Germany-keep France from having allies • Germany DOES NOT want to fight a two-front war The ALLIANCE SYSTEM

33. 1879 Germany signed the Duel Alliance with A-H which was a military alliance • Bismarck followed this alliance with the TripleAlliance in 1882 when Italywas added to the Duel Alliance • Bismarckset up the Three Emperor’s League which brought Russia, A-H and Germany together • Three-Emperor’s League collapsed-Germany and Russia signed Reinsurance Treaty The ALLIANCE SYSTEM

35. Great Britain following policy of “splendidisolationism”—will not be dragged into conflict on European continent (first alliance will be with Japan) • 1894—France and Russia sign alliance after William II did not re-up Reinsurance Treaty • 1904 Great Britain and France signed the EntenteCordialewhich was a friendly understanding or agreement between the nations (this was not a military alliance) • 1907 Great Britain, France, and Russia signed the Triple Entente The ALLIANCE SYSTEM

37. Central Europe was now divided into two armed camps • the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) • the Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, and Russia) • 6 nations would go to war if a fight broke out between two countries involved in the alliance system The ALLIANCE SYSTEM

39. in Eastern Europe the Balkanswas known as the "powder keg of Europe” • Serbia was a nation made up of Slavic people. Serbia wanted to rule all of the Slavs in the Balkan region • Ottoman Empire known as the “sick man of Europe” had become weak THE BALKANS

40. nationalistic movements in the Balkans alsothreatened the Austria-Hungary Empire • Russia was more than willing to support Serbia against Austria-Hungary because they wanted ports on the Mediterranean Sea • 1912—First Balkan War—Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Greece defeated Ottoman Empire—1913 start of Second Balkan War—Bulgaria defeated by Serbia, Greece, Romania, Montenegro and Ottoman Empire THE BALKANS

41. William II caused further tension when he began negotiations with the Ottoman Empire to bring them into the Triple Alliance which would extend German influence into the Balkans • Germany planned to build a railroad through the Balkans to Constantinople then to Baghdad • Russians and British saw this as a threat to their goals which brought the two countries closer together THE BALKANS

42. by 1914 a warlike mood had spread over Europe • all countries except Britain kept large standing armies • generals wanted to try their plans of war • new weapons needed to be tried out • many felt the war would not last six months • civilians had forgotten the horrors of war • would be a romantic and heroic adventure OUTBREAK OF WAR

43. Chapter 27Section 2

44. THE GREAT WAR • June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo the heir to the Austria-Hungary throne, Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, were assassinated by GavriloPrincip-member of the Black Hand, secret Serbian nationalist society

45. Austria-Hungary was determined to punish Serbia • Germany promised to back Austria-Hungary-gave A-H a “blank check” • Austria-Hungary Empire (Leopoldvon Berchtold) drew up an ultimatumor final set of demands with approval of FrancisJoseph-if Serbia did not meet the demands within 48 hours then the result would be war THE GREAT WAR

46. July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia • Russia vowed to stand behind the Serbs and Czar Nicholas II ordered mobilizationof the Russian forces • Germany demanded that Russia cancel mobilization but Russia ignored the ultimatum • Germany declared war on Russia on August 1,1914 and France on August 3,1914 THE GREAT WAR

47. the Germans had developed a war plan known as the Schlieffen Plan • this plan called for a lightning attack against France while Russia was slowly mobilizing • almost the entire Germany army would attack France by going through neutral Belgium to knock her out of the war quickly THE GREAT WAR

48. Belgium was a neutral nation with its neutrality guaranteed by Britain • Britain insisted that Germany observe Belgian neutrality • German troops crossed into Belgium anyway and on August 4, 1914 Britain declared war on Germany THE GREAT WAR

49. battle lines drawn- the Central Powers were made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey (Ottoman Empire) -Bulgaria will join in 1915 • the Allied Powers included Britain, France, Russia, Italy [will join nine months later after negotiating a secret deal], Japan [six weeks later], United States [1917], and some 32 other countries World War I