Foundations of Technology 871

1. Foundations of Technology 871 Instructional materials developed and presented by Mr. Jonathon Byzon, M.Ed.

2. OBJECTIVES Students will: • Explain that most technological development has been evolutionary, the result of a series of refinements to a basic invention. • Describe how the evolution of civilization has been directly effected by, and has in turn effected , the development of tools and materials. • Explain why, early in the history of technology, the development of many tools and machines was based, not on scientific knowledge, but on technological know-how. • Use graphs to analyze the nature of technological change in quantities in linear relationships. • Define terms associated with the influence of technology on history. • Identify the periods of human history associated with the evolution of technology. • Compare and contrast inventions or innovations based on how they evolved. • Demonstrate curiosity, exhibit motivation for learning, and use class time effectively.

3. History of Technology

4. Knowledge of the history of technology helps people understand the world around them by seeing how people of all times and places have increased their capability by using their unique skills to innovate, improvise, and invent. The Big Idea

5. Engagement Activity

6. Engagement Activity • How did the assembly line influence the lives of the people who first used it? • How did the assembly line impact the way people lived, worked, or produced things? • How did the assembly line influence history?

7. Exploration Activity • In your discussion groups, select a technological advancement that is part of your everyday life • List five impacts your technological advancement had on history and/or society

8. Explanation • Technology is human innovation in action that involves the generation of knowledge and processes to develop systems that solve problems and extend human capabilities. • History is a chronological record of significant events, often including an explanation of their causes.

9. Explanation • Development of Technology • Technology is evolutionaryand the result of a series of refinements to a basic invention. • Technology has been directly affected by civilization, and has in turn affected the development of tools and materials.

10. Development of Technology • Development of Technology: • Technology has been a powerful force in reshaping the social, cultural, political, and economic landscape. • Technology was used to create many tools and machines that was not based on scientific knowledge but on technological know-how.

11. (Stone Age)Paleolithic Age500,000 BC-10,000 BC • Archaeological period characterized by the earliest known stone tool manufacture. • Artifacts: stone axes, bone needles, hearth sites • Impacts on history: improved diet and enhanced security enabled early humans to increase their numbers. Stone Axes (www.personal.psu.edu/users/w/x/wxk116/axe)

12. (Stone Age) Mesolithic Age10,000 BC-4000 BC • The period between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, associated with the rise to dominance of microlithics (very small geometric form tools commonly used in composite tools) • Artifacts: leatherwork, basketry, fishing tackle, stone axes and wooden objects, canoes and bows, domesticating animals, stone circles, hinges • Impact on history: The gradual domestication of plants and animals led to the beginnings of settled communities. Housing (http://www.usm.maine.edu/~mcgrath/ireland_images/pages/mesolithic_huts.htm)

13. (Stone Age) Neolithic Age4000 BC-2300 BC • The period is characterized by the development of agriculture and an increasing emphasis on year-round settlements. • Artifacts: pottery, polished stone tools, spinning and weaving tools, wooden plows, sickles. • Impact on history: dependable year-round food supply enables division of labor and specialization that spurs invention and innovation. Pottery (http://www.albertomanuelcheung.com/Neolithic%20Machiayao%20Jar.htm)

14. Bronze Age2300 BC-700 BC • Include earliest civilizations and the development of metallurgy, mainly the combining of copper and tin to make bronze • Artifacts: bronze jewelry, tools, weapons • Impact on history: stone tools were gradually replaced by metal ones that enabled humans to alter their environment at a great rate. Weapons (http://www.chichester.gov.uk/museum/tl2250.htm)

15. Iron Age 700 BC-450 AD • Iron used as the main metal • Artifacts: iron chisels, ornamental jewelry, swords, axes, spearheads • Impact on history: military dominance for uses of iron weapons and the use of iron bladed plows enabled humans to increase food production. Jewelry (www.bu.edu/anep/Ir.html)

16. Romans Living in the Roman Empire Video Living_in_the_Roman_Empire.asx

17. Middle Ages 450-1400 AD • Period of time between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance • Artifacts: wheeled plow, horseshoes, waterwheels, windmill, cast iron, cannons, compass, ocean going ships • Impact on history: rise of money and capitalism, rise and fall of feudalism, beginning of urbanization and industrialization. Windmills (http://www.uea.ac.uk/his/ceas/region.shtml)

18. Renaissance/Enlightenment 1400-1750 AD • Humanistic revival of classical influence • Artifacts: telescope, microscope, thermometer, clocks, barometer, Printing Press • Impact on history: Industrialization allowed scientists to observe and test natural phenomena. Leonardo Da Vinci Galileo’s Telescope (http://www.yesnet.yk.ca/schools/projects/renaissance/galileo.html)

19. Galileo • Galileo was born in Italy in 1564. Throughout his career, Galileo discovered many physic properties. See the interactive sites below for some of his discoveries: Experiments: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/experiments.html Link to video from NOVA program on Galileo http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/science.html

20. Industrial Age 1750-1950 AD • First use of complex machinery, factories and social changes from agricultural societies. • Artifacts: steam engine, electricity, automobile, airplane, radio, television, telephone, rocket • Impact on history: gave rise to urban centers requiring municipal services, population expansion and improvement in living standards. Steam Engine (http://www.mhrailroad.com/mhrrphoto2.htm)

21. Information Age 1950 AD-Present • Central to society is the gathering, manipulation, classification, storage and retrieval of information. • Artifacts: transistor, IC, computer, satellite, digital photography, artificial heart, nuclear power plant, space shuttle. • Impact on history: decentralization of decision making and empowering more people Artificial Heart (http://science.howstuffworks.com/artificial-heart.htm)

22. Changes in the nature of work

23. Resources • Text information taken from Foundations of Technology draft document, International Technology Education Association, CATTS • Video downloaded from: http://pittsford.monroe.edu/PittsfordMiddle/Team6_5/MrsCipolla.htm

24. Extension Activity • You are to choose a technological innovation, research your topic and be prepared to present information on: • What was used before the creation of your innovation to meet the human need? • What is currently used to meet the human need? • How does your innovation impact history?