Energy Saving and Conversion (MSJ0200)

1. Energy Saving and Conversion(MSJ0200) 2011. Autumn semester and 2. lectures Introduction

2. Course content (1) • Energy classification • Sources and utilization • Energy Conversion • Buildings • Thermal energy conversion in buildings, low energy and passive houses, eco materials. • Different heating systems, appliance of heating and ventilations systems, district heating and local heating. • Electrical management of buildings. Heating and ventilation control systems.

3. Course content (2) • Industry • Thermal energy management of industry, utilization of waste heat. • Process energy efficiency (logistics, electrical power management). • Transportation • Energy consumption of transportation. • Emissions from transportations, directives, regulations. • Different type of internal combustion engines, hybrid and hydrogen cars. 

4. Course content (3) • Power Plants. • Fuels for generating power (fossil, nuclear, renewable). • Steam power plants. • Gas turbines power plants. • Hydraulic power plants. • Advance fossil fuel power plants. • Combined-cycle power plant. • Solar power plant. • Wind energy conversion. Waste to energy conversion. Biomass conversion process for energy recovery. Nuclear power technologies 

5. Course plan (1) 29.08: 1, 2 lectures: • Description of the course • Introduction, history of energy conversion • Energy classification, sources 30.08: 3, 4 lectures: • Transportation. Energy consumption of transportation. • Emissions from transportations, directives, regulations. • Different type of internal combustion engines, hybrid and hydrogen cars

6. Course plan (2) 31.08: 5, 6 lectures: - Energy conversion. Buildings. Thermal energy conversion in buildings, low energy and passive houses. - Different heating systems, district heating and local heating. 01.09: 7, 8 lectures: • Nuclear power technologies

7. Course plan (3) 02.09: 9, 10 lectures: • Fuels for generating power (fossil, nuclear, renewable). • Shale gas • Steam power plants. 05.09: 11, 12 lectures: • Combined-Cycle Power Plants • Advance fossil fuel power plants.

8. Course plan (4) 06.09: 13, 14 lectures: • Wind energy • Solar power plants 07.09: 15, 16 lectures: • CHP using gas fired Internal combustion engine • Stirling engine • Industry • Thermal energy management of industry, utilization of waste heat. • Process energy efficiency (logistics, electrical power management).

9. Course plan (6) 08.09: Excursion: • Narva power plants 09.09: 17, 18 lectures: • Gas turbines • Biomass conversion process for energy recovery • Waste to energy conversion.

10. Course plan (7) 12.09: SEMINAR: • SEMINAR (1-st part) 13.09: SEMINAR: • SEMINAR (2-nd part) xxx.09: EXAM

11. SEMINAR Topic: Environmental problems, which appear due to the energy conversion (everyone makes a presentation, length ca15min) Deadline: 09.sept (by e-mail asiirde@staff.ttu.ee) Oral speech: 12. and 13. sept

12. References • „Energy Efficiency“, F.Kreith, R.E.West; CRC Press • „Sustainable Energy Systems Engineering“, P.Gevorkian; McGraw-Hill book company • „Principles of Energy Conversion“, A.W.Culp jr; McGraw-Hill book company • „Energy Systems and Sustainability“, G.Boyle, B.Everett, J.Ramage; Oxford University Press • „Energy Conversion“, D.Y.Goswani, F.Keith; CRC Press

13. 1. and 2. Lectures (29.08) Description of the course Introduction, history of energy conversion Energy classification, sources

14. Global energy consumption in the last half-century has increased very rapidly and is expected to continue to grow over the next 50 years. • In is expected to see significant differences between the last 50 years and the next. • The past increase was stimulated by relatively “cheap” fossil fuels and increased rates of industrialization in North America, Europe and Japan, yet wile energy consumption in these countries continues to increase, additional factors have entered the equation making the picture for the next 50 years more complex.

15. Additional complicating factors include the very rapid increase in energy intensity of China and India (countries representing about a third of the world’s population). • On the positive side, the renewable energy technologies are finally showing maturity and the ultimate promise of cost competitiveness.

16. Introduction • Energy conversion engineering (or heat-power engineering) has been one of the central themes in the development of the engineering profession. • Energy conversion can and must play an important role in future energy use and te consequent impact on the environment. • It is concerned with the transformation of energy from sources such as fossil and nuclear fuels and the sun into conveniently used forms such as electrical energy, rotational and propulsive energy, and heating and cooling.

17. Introduction (II) • Then came the oil embargo of the 1970s, high fuel prices….. • The limitations of the Earth’s resources and environment started to come into clearer focus. • The public and legislatures began to recognize that air pollution produced by factories, power plants, and automobiles and other forms of environmentalpollution were harmful.

18. Introduction (III) • These and other influences have been helping to create a more favorable climate for consideration, if not total acceptance, of energy conversion alternatives and new concepts. • Examples are combined steam and gas turbine cycles, rotary combustion engines, solar and windmill power farms, stationary and vehicular gas turbine power plants, cogeneration, photovoltaic solar power, turbocharged engines, fluidized-bed combustors, and coal-gasification power plants.

19. Since oil comprises the largest share of world energy consumption and may remain so for a while, its depletion will cause a major disruption unless other resources can fill the gap. • Natural gas and coal production may be increased to fill the gap, with the natural gas supply increasing more rapidly than coal. • The increase in coal consumption will worsen the global climate change situation. • Although research is going on in CO2 sequestration, it is doubtful that there will be any large-scale application of this technology anytime in the next 20-30 years.

20. It is clear that in order to meet the ever growing energy needs of the world, we will need to use all of the available resources including fossil fuels, nuclear and RE sources for the next 20-40 years. • However, we will need to convert these energy resources more efficiently. • It is also clear that renewable resources will have to continue to increase their share of the total energy consumption.

21. Some Significant Events in the History of Energy Conversion • The historical progress of industry and technology was slow until the fundamentalsof thermodynamics and electromagnetism were established in the ninteenth century.

27. Conclusion • Since energy conversion engineering is deeply rooted in thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer, these disciplines are necessary for understanding, analysis, and design in the field of energy conversion.

28. Energy: Forms and Changes

29. What is energy • Energy is the power to change things. It is the ability to do work. • Energy lights our cities, powers our vehicles, and runs machinery in factories. It warms and cools our homes, cooks our food, plays our music, and gives us pictures on television. • Joule - A unit of energy. One joule equals 0.2388 calories

30. Nature of Energy • Energy is all around you! • You can hear energy as sound. • You can see energy as light. • And you can feel it as wind.

31. Nature of energy • You use energy when you: • hit a softball. • lift your book bag. -…………... Living organisms need energy for growth and movement

32. Nature of energy • What is energy that it can be involved in so many different activities? • Energy can be defined as the ability to do work. • If an object or organism does work (exerts a force over a distance to move an object) the object or organism uses energy.

33. Energy and Work • Because of the direct connection between energy and work, energy is measured in the same unit as work: joules (J). • In addition to using energy to do work, objects gain energy because work is being done on them.

34. Heat and Work Heat and Work Are Not Properties Mechanics teaches that work can change the kinetic energy of mass and can change theelevation or potential energy of mass in a gravitational field. Thus work performed byan outside agent on the system boundary can change the energy associated with the particles that make up the system. Likewise, heat is energy crossing the boundary of asystem, increasing or decreasing the energy of the molecules within.

35. Thus heat andwork are not properties of state but forms of energy that are transported across system boundaries to or from the environment. They are sometimes referred to as energy intransit. Energy conversion engineering is vitally concerned with devices that use and create energy in transit.

36. 2 kJ thermal energy 2 kJ heat 2 kJ thermal energy Heat is not energy

37. Heat and Work • In addition to using energy to do work, objects gain energy because work is being done on them. • Because of the direct connection between energy and work, energy is measured in the same unit as work: joules (J).

38. Energy forms The five main forms of energy are: • Heat ? • Chemical • Electromagnetic • Nuclear • Mechanical

39. Heat Energy- (internal energy) • The internal motion of the atoms is called heat energy, because moving particles produce heat. • Heat energy can be produced by friction. • Heat energy causes changes in temperature and phase of any form of matter.

40. Chemical Energy • Chemical Energy is required to bond atoms together. • And when bonds are broken, energy is released. Fuel and food are forms of stored chemical energy.

41. Electromagnetic Energy • Power lines carry electromagnetic energy into your home in the form of electricity. • Electromagnetic Energy • Light is a form of electromagnetic energy. • Each color of light (Roy G Bv) represents a different amount of electromagnetic energy. • Electromagnetic Energy is also carried by X-rays, radio waves, and laser light.

42. Mechanical Energy • When work is done to an object, it acquires energy. The energy it acquires is known as mechanical energy. • When you kick a football, you give mechanical energy to the football to make it move

43. Energy Conversion • Energy can be changed from one form to another. Changes in the form of energy are called energy conversions.

44. Conversion All forms of energy can be converted into other forms. • The sun’s energy through solar cells can be converted directly into electricity. • Green plants convert the sun’s energy (electromagnetic) into starches and sugars (chemical energy). • In an automobile engine, fuel is burned to convert chemical energy into heat energy. The heat energy is then changed into mechanical energy. Chemical  Heat Mechanical

45. Other energy conversions • In an electric motor, electromagnetic energy is converted to mechanical energy. • In a battery, chemical energy is converted into electromagnetic energy. • The mechanical energy of a waterfall is converted to electrical energy in a generator.

46. States of Energy • The most common energy conversion is the conversion between potential and kinetic energy. • All forms of energy can be in either of two states: • Potential • Kinetic

47. States of Energy Kinetic and Potential Energy: • Kinetic Energy is the energy of motion. • Potential Energy is stored energy.

48. Kinetic Energy • The energy of motion is called kinetic energy. • The faster an object moves, the more kinetic energy it has. • The greater the mass of a moving object, the more kinetic energy it has. • Kinetic energy depends on both mass and velocity.

49. KE KE= (massxveocity2)x0.5 • What has a greater affect of kinetic energy, mass or velocity

50. Potential Energy • Potential Energy is stored energy. • Stored chemically in fuel, the nucleus of atom, and in foods. • Or stored because of the work done on it: • Stretching a rubber band. • Winding a watch. • Pulling back on a bow’s arrow. • Lifting a brick high in the air.