Transition from student to professional life Input from research

1. Transition from student to professional life Input from research An Bollen Tom Vandenbrande

2. References for this presentation • Analyses LFS ad hoc module 2000 (MZES) • TIY (European research network on Transitions In Youth)

3. Questions dealth with • Do youngsters have equal chances to find a job after leaving school? • What kind of jobs do school leavers occupy? • What after the first job experience?

4. Do youngsters have equal chances to find a job after leaving school?

5. Do school leavers find a job ? Source: Kogan & Shubert, 2002 Do youngsters have equal chances to find a first job?

6. Do school leavers find a job ? Source: Kogan & Shubert, 2002 Do youngsters have equal chances to find a first job?

7. Are there differences? • Educational level • Field of education • Gender • Country of origin Do youngsters have equal chances to find a first job?

8. Educational level Finland Belgium Source: Kogan & Shubert, 2002 Do youngsters have equal chances to find a first job?

9. Educational level (continuation) Spain Romania Source: Kogan & Shubert, 2002 Do youngsters have equal chances to find a first job?

10. Field of education • Health, services, education and engineering much higher chances than general track • Arts and agricultureless higher chances than the general track Source: Smyth, 2002 Do youngsters have equal chances to find a first job?

11. Gender • In some countries female educational attainment has surpassed that of men (Müller & Wolbers, 1999; Smyth, 2002). • Women opt other fields of education than men do (Smyth, 2002), but there are international differences. Do youngsters have equal chances to find a first job?

12. Gender (continuation) Source: Smyth, 2002 Do youngsters have equal chances to find a first job?

13. Gender (continuation) • In most countries women are less likely to find a significant first job than men, taking into account educational background and family • Due to: • Differences in combination work-private life • Segmentation on the labour market • Labour legislation • Discrimination Source: Smyth, 2002 Do youngsters have equal chances to find a first job?

14. Country of origin • Non-nationals are more likely to leave school with low educational level only in all countries except Spain (Kalter & Kogan, 2002). • Non-EU nationals are less likely to leave school with high educational level than EU-nationals, except in the UK. • EU-nationals are more likely to leave school with high educational level than nationals in Austria, Spain, France and the UK. Do youngsters have equal chances to find a first job?

15. Country of origin (continuation) • Comparing EU-immigrants, non-EU immigrants and native born inhibitants : • In Belgium non-EU immigrants, especially Moroccans, have more difficulties entering professional, technical and managerial jobs. (Kalter & Kogan, 2002) • With respect to service and manual jobs the difference between ethnicities is less obvious in Belgium (Kalter & Kogan, 2002) Do youngsters have equal chances to find a first job?

16. Country of origin (continuation) • In Spain there is no difference between ethnicities in entry to professional, technical and managerial jobs, except for Moroccans (Kalter & Kogan, 2002) • In Spain EU nationals have less chances to enter a manual job than nationals (Kalter & Kogan, 2002) Do youngsters have equal chances to find a first job?

17. Discrimination? • Possible alternative explanations may apply • Problem of standardised tests for a diverse population • Different search resources • Self-selection processes • Some jobs require intensive knowledge of national language • Temporary prospects of stay inhibit investments Do youngsters have equal chances to find a first job?

18. What kind of job do entrants on the labour market find?

19. Characteristics of jobs • Sector of employment • Precariousness • Occupation What kind of jobs do entrants on the labour market find?

20. Sector of employment (continuation) • Young beginners are overrepresented in some sectors • There are country-differences • There are differences according to educational level What kind of jobs do entrants on the labour market find?

21. Sector of employment (continuation) Chance to find jobs in service sector Source: Kalter & Kogan, 2002 What kind of jobs do entrants on the labour market find?

22. Precariousness • Dependent on national labour legislation: Involuntary part-time work And/or Forced temporary work What kind of jobs do entrants on the labour market find?

23. Precariousness (continuation) • Higher education does not protect young entrants from precariousness in early career in most countries • In some countries precariousness is high at the very beginning of a career Source: Eurostat, 2002 What kind of jobs do entrants on the labour market find?

24. Occupation Source: Gangl & Kügel, 2002 adjusted by HIVA What kind of jobs do entrants on the labour market find?

25. Occupation (continuation) • There are gender specific differences • There are differences between educational levels Source: Gangl & Kügel, 2002 What kind of jobs do entrants on the labour market find?

26. What after the first job experience?

27. First job: what after that? • First job evaluation • Mobility as an answer to improve situation? What after the first job experience?

28. First job evaluation • Job mismatches • Overall satisfaction What after the first job experience?

29. Job mismatches • Country • Gender • Educational level • Field of education Source: Wolbers, 2002 What after the first job experience?

30. Educational level Incidence of job mismatches by educational level and country Source: Wolbers, 2002 What after the first job experience?

31. Field of education Incidence of job mismatches by field of education and country Source: Wolbers, 2002 What after the first job experience?

32. Overall satisfaction • Gender • Educational level • Wages • Dimensions of the job Source: Verhofstadt et al, 2002 What after the first job experience?

33. Mobility • General data on young entrants’ mobility • Mobility and changes in occupational status Source: Gangl & Klügel, 2002 What after the first job experience?

34. General data on mobility Mobility rates out of first job, by country and by educational level Source: Gangl & Klügel, 2002 What after the first job experience?

35. Mobility and changes in status Source: Gangl & Klügel, 2002 What after the first job experience?

36. To conclude • The transitional stage takes some time • Educational history does matter • Gender differences persist • Non-EU immigrants have difficulties, not only due to discrimination • Not all sectors are open to school leavers To conclude

37. Labour market entrants often starts with temporary contracts • Higher skilled people have high chances to enter PTM • Overall satisfaction of school leavers is believed to vary by educational level and dimensions of jobs • Overall satisfaction of school leavers is believed to be independent on gender and wages • Labour market entrants are very mobile To conclude

38. So far what books and statistics tell us, but what is practice about?