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Lesson 1

Lesson 1. Computers and Computer Hardware. Invention of Computer The computer is one of the most important inventions of the past century.

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Lesson 1

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  1. Lesson 1 Computers and Computer Hardware

  2. Invention of Computer • The computer is one of the most important inventions of the past century. • You find computers and computer technology everywhere throughout society—from businesses and financial organizations, to home electronics and appliances, and to personal applications such as clothing embedded with iPod controls. A Brief History of the Computer • The first computers were developed in the late 1940s and early 1950s for use by the military and government. • In 1971, Dr. Ted Hoff developed the microprocessor. • The first Apple computer was built in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak. The IBM PC was introduced in 1981. Understanding the Importance of Computers

  3. FIGURES on PAGES Mod 1-4 & 1-5 • Students doing online research • Early computers • The Apple II and IBM PC Understanding the Importance of Computers

  4. Above and Beyond: The first IBM PC ran on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor. The PC came equipped with 16 kilobytes (KB) of memory, expandable to 256 KB. The PC came with one or two 160KB floppy disk drives and an optional color monitor. Understanding the Importance of Computers

  5. A computer is an electronic device that receives data (input), processes data, stores data, and produces a result (output). • A computer system includes hardware, software, data, and people. • The actual machine—wires, transistors, and circuits—is called hardware. • Software consists of instructions or programs for controlling the computer. • Data is text, numbers, sound, images, or video. • The computer receives data through an input device, processes the data, produces the output (or information), and stores the data and information on a storage device. Defining Computers and Computer Systems

  6. FIGURES on PAGES Mod 1-6 & 1-7 • Using a mobile computer to process data into information • Information processing cycle • Consists of four steps: I-P-O-S Defining Computers and Computer Systems

  7. Above and Beyond: Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM. On May 11, 1997, the machine won a six-game match by two wins to one with three draws against world champion Garry Kasparov. Defining Computers and Computer Systems

  8. Special-purpose computers are used mostly to control something else. • General-purpose computers are divided into categories, based on their physical size, function, cost, and performance. FIGURES on PAGESMod 1-8 to 1-10 • Types of computers Classifying Computers

  9. FIGURE on PAGE 1-10 • Electronic book reader • Above and Beyond: Supercomputers are often used to conduct and test medical experiments Classifying Computers

  10. Computers are used for all kinds of tasks. • Computers take raw data and change it into information. An example of the procedure: • You enter programs and data with some type of input device. • The computer uses instructions to process the data and to turn it into information. • You send the information to some type of output device. • You store it for later retrieval. Using Computer Systems

  11. Technology Careers. Computers on the Job: In the past few decades, computers have had dramatic effects on how we live, learn, and work. For example, the kinds of jobs available have changed because of computers. Fifty years ago, only a handful of people were computer programmers, and none were Web designers or software entrepreneurs. Today, nearly all jobs require some computer skills. • Time-consuming, labor-intensive communication tasks that used to require face-to-face meetings, telephone calls, overnight deliveries, or paging through printed materials are now performed quickly and efficiently using Internet browsers and e-mail. Students can participate in distance-learning classes to take courses not available where they live. Even the electric-meter reader and delivery person now carry hand-held computers that track a consumer’s electricity use or the location of a package. Cashiers use computers for retail sales, and managers use them to update the store’s inventory, handle customer calls, and advertise products. All of these advances, now taken for granted by many of us, are recent innovations. Using Computer Systems

  12. FIGURE on PAGE Mod 1-11 • Computer System Components Using Computer Systems

  13. The motherboard is a circuit board that contains integral components—central processing unit, memory, connectors, and expansion ports and slots. Identifying System Components

  14. The Central Processing Unit • The central processing unit (CPU) is the brains of the computer. • The CPU has two primary sections: the arithmetic/logic unit and the control unit. • The Arithmetic/Logic Unit • The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic computations and logical operations. • The Control Unit • The control unit coordinates all of the processor’s activities. • You communicate with the computer through programming languages. • The computer uses machine language, or binary code, which contains only 1s and 0s. Identifying System Components

  15. Recognizing How a Computer Represents Data • In machine language, the control unit sends out necessary messages to execute the instructions. A single zero or a single one is a bit. A byte is a single character. Identifying System Components

  16. Memory • Memory is where data is stored on the motherboard. • Memory can be short term or long term. • When you want to store a file or information permanently, you use secondary storage devices such as the computer’s hard drive or a USB drive. You might think of this as long term memory. Identifying System Components

  17. Random Access Memory • The memory on the motherboard is short term, called random access memory (RAM). • Data, information, and program instructions are stored temporarily on a RAM chip and disappear when the computer is turned off. • The instruction cycle is the amount of time it takes to retrieve instructions to perform a specified task and complete the command. • The execution cycle refers to the amount of time it takes the CPU to execute the instruction and store the results in RAM. • Together, the instruction cycle and one or more execution cycles create a machine cycle. Identifying System Components

  18. Read-Only Memory • Another type of memory found on the motherboard is read-only memory (ROM). • ROM chips store specific instructions that are needed for computer operations. These instructions remain on the chip even when the power is turned off. • The more common of these is the BIOS ROM, containing instructions to start the system when you turn on the computer. Identifying System Components

  19. Above and Beyond: Cache memory is another type of memory. This high-speed RAM is used to increase the speed of the processing cycle. • Above and Beyond: If you read computer ads, you are likely to see the abbreviations MHz (megahertz) and GHz (gigahertz). These speed specifications indicate the speed of the microprocessor clock—a timing device that specifies the speed for executing instructions. • Above and Beyond: In the time it takes to blink your eyes, certain computers can perform certain operations 10 billion times. Identifying System Components

  20. Motherboard Microprocessor RAM Identifying System Components

  21. Back Panel Connectors Heat Sink and CPU Expansion Slot for RAM PCI Bus Slot AGP – Advance Graphics Port Slot Connectors to Storage Device Identifying System Components

  22. Processing cycle Identifying System Components

  23. To keep a permanent copy of data, you must store it on a storage device. • Magnetic Storage Devices • Data is stored in numbered tracks in a special log on the disk called a file allocation table (FAT). • Hard Disks • Advantages: speed and capacity. • Removable Disks • Removable magnetic media are rarely used and include 3 ½-inch disks and Zip disks. • Optical Storage Devices • Use laser technology to read and write data on plastic platters that contain a metal layer, like CDs and DVDs. • Solid-State Storage Media • Removable medium that uses integrated circuits, such as USB flash drive. • Network Drives • Hard drive or tape drive connected to a network server and is available to and shared by multiple users. • Remote storage is used to extend disk space on a server and to eliminate the addition of more hard disks or other storage devices. Identifying Types of Storage Devices

  24. Above and Beyond: Blu-ray optical discs use a blue-violet laser to read and write data, unlike earlier optical discs such as DVDs, which use a red laser. Although they use different lasers, Blu-ray products can be backwards compatible with CDs and DVDs. Identifying Types of Storage Devices

  25. Platter Spindle Head Actuator Arm Actuator Identifying Types of Storage Devices

  26. Write Protection Tab Housing Hub Magnetic Disk Plastic Flap Paper Ring Spring Shutter Identifying Types of Storage Devices

  27. Miniature Mobile Storage Media Examples of USB Flash Drives Identifying Types of Storage Devices

  28. Keep away from magnetic fields. • Avoid extreme temperatures. • Remove media from drives and store them properly when not in use. • When handling DVDs and other optical discs, hold them at the edges. • Never try to remove the media from a drive when the drive indicator light is on. • Keep discs in a sturdy case when transporting. Caring for Storage Media

  29. A major focus of new types of computers is connectivity, or the ability to connect with other computers. • Wireless and mobile devices are now as common as wired desktop machines. • Computer literacy, which is the knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses, will become even more important. Exploring Computers in Your Future

  30. 1) Who built the built the first Apple computer? Answer: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak 2) True or False? Many people consider the computer to be the single most important invention of the 20th century. Answer: True. 3) True or False? Machines like the UNIVAC and ENIAC were designed initially for use by schools. Answer: False. Machines like the UNIVAC and ENIAC were designed initially for use by the military and government. QUICK QUIZZES

  31. 4) A computer __________ includes hardware, software, data, and people. Answer: system 5) __________ is text, numbers, sound, images, or video. Answer: Data 6) Which type of computer is designed for one person to use at a time? A. personal computer B. server Answer: A 7) Tiny chips embedded in dishwashers, bathroom scales, or airport radar systems are classified as __________ computers. A. general-purpose B. special-purpose Answer: B QUICK QUIZZES

  32. 8) True or False? Just about all computers, regardless of size, take raw data and change it into information. Answer: True. 9) True or False? The __________ that the computer uses to process data are contained within the system case. Answer: components 10) Computers follow the __________ procedure—input, processing, output, and storage. Answer: IPOS QUICK QUIZZES

  33. 11) The central processing unit (CPU), also called the microprocessor or central processor, is the __________ of the computer. Answer: brains 12) True or False? The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) is the boss of the CPU. Answer: False. The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic computations and logical operations. 13) True or False? The computer does not understand human language. Answer: True. 14) A __________ is the smallest unit of information storage. Answer: bit QUICK QUIZZES

  34. 15) True or False? Random access memory, or RAM, is considered short term memory. Answer: True. 16) __________is the process of obtaining a program instruction or data item from RAM. Answer: Fetching 17) __________ is a nonvolatile, removable medium that uses integrated circuits. A. Optical storage B. Magnetic storage C. Solid-state storage D. None of the above Answer: D QUICK QUIZZES

  35. 18) True or False? Most hard disks are used to store data inside the computer. Answer: True. 19) True or False? A network drive is located on a computer other than the user’s local system. Answer: True 20) True or False? You should hold DVDs at the edges. Answer: True. QUICK QUIZZES

  36. 21) True or False? It is okay to remove media from a drive when the drive indicator light is on. Answer: False. 22) True or False? Wireless and mobile devices are not as common as wired desktop machines. Answer: False. 23) True or False? Computer literacy is the knowledge and understanding of computers and their uses. Answer: True. QUICK QUIZZES

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