Chapter 33: Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945-Present

1. Chapter 33: Restructuring the Postwar World, 1945-Present The United States and the Soviet Union vie for superiority, and both countries extend their control over other nations.

2. The Red Guards: China’s Teenage Police Force Between 1966 and 1976, students in China’s Red Guard waged a Cultural Revolution on teachers and professionals that left a million people dead and the country in chaos.

3. Red Guards holding Mao’s “Little Red Book” of his sayings during the cultural revolution.

4. Cold War Timeline, 1946-1980

6. 33.2 Communists Take Power in China After World War II, Chinese Communists defeat Nationalist forces and two separate Chinas emerge.

7. Communists vs. Nationalists • World War II in China • Mao Zedong—leads Chinese Communists against Japanese invaders • Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek)—leads of Chinese Nationalists in World War II • Nationalist and Communist Chinese resume civil war after WWII ends

8. Communists vs. Nationalists Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek) Mao Zedong

10. Communists vs. Nationalists • Civil War Resumes • Economic problems cause Nationalist soldiers to desert to Communists • Mao’s troops take control of China’s major cities • In 1949, People’s Republic of China is created • Nationalists flee to Taiwan

11. The Two Chinas Affect the Cold War • The Superpowers React • U.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan, called Republic of China • Soviets and China agree to help each other in event of attack • U.S. tries to stop Soviet expansion and spread of communism in China

12. The Two Chinas Affect the Cold War • China Expands under the Communists • China takes control of Tibet and southern Mongolia • India welcomes Tibetan refugees fleeing revolt against Chinese • China and India clash over border; fighting stops but tensions remain

13. The Communists Transform China • Communists Claim a New “Mandate of Heaven” • Chinese Communists organize national government and Communist Party • Mao’s Brand of Marxist Socialism • Mao takes property from landowners and divides it among peasants • Government seizes private companies and plans production increase

14. The Communists Transform China • The Great Leap Forward • Communes—large collective farms often supporting over 25,000 people • Program is ended after inefficiency leads to crop failures and famines

16. The Communists Transform China • New Policies and Mao’s Response • China and Soviet Union clash over leadership of communist movement • Strict socialist ideas are moderated, Mao reduces his role in government • Red Guards—militia units formed to enforce strict communism in China

17. The Communists Transform China • The Cultural Revolution • Cultural Revolution—movement to build society of peasants and workers • Red Guards—groups of violent and radical youth—close schools and execute or imprison many intellectuals • In 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes, or exiles most Red Guards who have been labeled by the government “Counter Revolutionary.” • However, the Cultural Revolution continues until Mao’s death in 1976.

18. Gang of Four • After Mao’s death, the Gang of Four—the radical group that controlled the power organs of the Chinese Communist Party throughout the Cultural Revolution—is arrested and judged responsible for the excesses and chaos that occurred in China as a result of this revolution.

19. Life and Death in Shanghaiby Nien Cheng • Born in Beijing, Cheng became a target of attack by Red Guards in 1966 due to her management of a foreign firm in Shanghai, Shell. Maoist revolutionaries used this fact to claim that Cheng was a British spy in order to strike at Communist Party moderates for allowing the firm to operate in China after 1949. Her book documents her amazing courage and fortitude that enabled her to survive her 6 ½ year imprisonment.

21. 33.3 Wars in Korea and Vietnam In Asia, the Cold War flares into actual wars supported mainly by the superpowers.

22. War in Korea • Standoff at the 38th Parallel • In 1950, North Koreans invade South Korea with Soviet support • South Korea requests UN assistance; 15 nations send troops • Douglas MacArthur—leads UN forces against North Koreans • North Koreans controls most of the peninsula when MacArthur attacks • Half of North Korea’s army surrenders, the rest retreat

23. War in Korea • The Fighting Continues • UN troops push North Koreans almost to Chinese border • Chinese send 300,000 troops against UN forces and capture Seoul • MacArthur calls for nuclear attack and is removed from command • In 1953, cease fire signed and border established at 38th parallel

24. War in Korea • Aftermath of the War • North Korea builds collective farms, heavy industry, nuclear weapons • South Korea establishes democracy, growing economy with U.S. aid

25. War in Korea • A Divided Land • 38th parallel—line dividing Korea into North Korea and South Korea

27. Video Notes on North Korea Is North Korea dangerous? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTpGubuXHtU Escape from Camp 14 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUFkObwQnBU One Young World https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufhKWfPSQOw

28. War Breaks Out in Vietnam • The Road to War • Ho Chi Minh—Vietnamese nationalist, later Communist leader • The Fighting Begins • In 1954, French surrender to Vietnamese after major defeat • Domino theory—U.S. theory of Communist expansion in Southeast Asia Ho Chi Minh

29. The War in Vietnam, 1957-1973 Note the Ho Chi Minh Trail through Laos and Cambodia

30. War Breaks Out in Vietnam • Vietnam—A Divided Country • International peace conference agrees on a divided Vietnam • Ngo Dinh Diem—leads anti-Communist government in South Vietnam • Vietcong—South Vietnamese Communist guerillas fighting against Diem Ngo Dinh Diem

31. Ngo Dinh Diem (1901-1963), President of South Vietnam 1955-1963, with U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower at National Airport, Washington, 1957. Direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war began in the mid-1950s, when the U.S. took over the struggle from the French. The Eisenhower administration began by supporting the Diem regime, and then providing military advisors and increased support. However, by the end of the Eisenhower term, the U.S. had fewer than 2000 troops in Vietnam. Diem was murdered in a military coup in 1963.

32. Lyndon B. Johnson, the President of the United States from 1963 to 1970, makes a public statement on the Tonkin Gulf incident, August 4, 1964. When North Vietnam was said to have attacked two U.S. destroyers, Congress hastily passed the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, giving the president blanket authority to take necessary actions to protect U.S. forces. Subsequently, there have been serious questions as to what actually occurred in the Tonkin Gulf, but with vastly increased U.S. expenditures, the war quickly escalated; by 1969 the U.S. forces totaled almost 550,000 individuals. There was much opposition to the war in the Congress and among the U.S. people, and Johnson's very considerable domestic policy achievements were overshadowed by the criticism of his war policy.

33. General William C. Westmoreland, McGeorge Bundy and General Kanh of South Vietnam, photographed at Camp Holloway, South Vietnam, in February 1965. Gen. Westmoreland commanded the U.S. troops in Vietnam 1964-68; Bundy was special assistant for national security to President Johnson from 1961 to 1966, and a key supporter of the Vietnam war.

34. The United States Gets Involved • U.S. Troops Enter the Fight • In 1964, U.S. sends troops to fight Viet Cong and North Vietnamese • U.S. fights guerilla war defending increasingly unpopular government • Vietcong gains support from Ho Chi Minh, China, and Soviet Union

35. The United States Gets Involved • The United States Withdraws • War grows unpopular in the U.S.; in 1969, Nixon starts withdrawing troops • Vietnamization—Nixon’s plan to withdraw U.S. from war gradually • Last U.S. troops leave in 1973; South Vietnam overrun in 1975

36. Nixon appeared on television • January 23, 1973, to announce the • ceasefire. • The agreement ended nearly • 12 years of warfare in which 58,000 • Americans had lost their lives. • Eventually, the South • Vietnamese government of Thieu was defeated by the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) of South Vietnamese communist rebels and North Vietnamese troops. Even had Nixon wished to intervene, Congress passed, over his veto, a ''War Powers Act'' that gave Congress the power to prevent him from acting without its consent - a consent that Congress would have been unwilling to extend in 1974 or 1975.

37. Frontline World Video (18:38) Vietnam: Looking for Home http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/watch/player.html?pkg=203_vietnam&seg=1&mod=0 • What Do You Think Questions – • Copy on lined paper and respond. • How does Vietnam's communist government teach this • new generation about the war? • 2. What specifics can Vietnamese youth tell you about • the conflict?

38. Reflection Questions – Copy on lined paper and respond. 1. How does the history of the Vietnam War as taught to Vietnamese students compare with what was studied in your class? 2. Who decides how history is taught? 3. Based on the video, how is Vietnam healing from the war?

39. Postwar Southeast Asia • Cambodia in Turmoil • Khmer Rouge—Communist rebels who take control of Cambodia in 1975 • They slaughter 2 million people; overthrown by Vietnamese invaders • In 1993, Cambodia adopts democracy, holds elections with UN help Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge (Cambodian Communist Party, literally “Red Khmers”) in 1977 at the height of his power

40. Postwar Southeast Asia • The Killing Fields were a number of sites in Cambodia where large numbers of people were killed and buried by the Khmer Rouge regime, during its rule of the country from 1975 to 1979, immediately after the end of the Vietnam War.

41. Postwar Southeast Asia • At least 200,000 people were executed by the Khmer Rouge (while estimates of the total number of deaths resulting from Khmer Rouge policies, including disease and starvation, range from 1.4 to 2.2 million out of a population of around 7 million). A commemorative stupa filled with the skulls of the victims.

42. Choung Ek Killing Field: The bones of young children who were killed by Khmer Rouge soldiers.

43. Mass grave in Choeung Ek.

44. History in Film: The Killing Fields (1984) • The Killing Fields is a 1984 British drama film about the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia, which is based on the experiences of three journalists: • Cambodian Dith Pran • American Sydney Schanberg • British Jon Swain. • The film won three Academy Awards, including • Best Supporting Actor for Haing S. Ngor as Dith Pran. • Sam Waterston from Law and Order stars in the film as Sydney Schanberg

45. Postwar Southeast Asia • Vietnam after the War • Saigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City; Vietnam united as Communist nation • About 1.5 million people flee Vietnam, some settling in the U.S. and Canada • In 1995, United States normalizes relations with Vietnam

46. 33.4 The Cold War Divides the World The superpowers support opposing sides in Latin American and Middle Eastern conflicts

47. Fighting for the Third World • More Than One “World” • Third World—developing nations; often newly independent, nonaligned • Cold War Strategies • U.S., Soviet Union, and China compete for influence over the Third World • They back revolutions and give economic , military and technical aid

48. Fighting for the Third World • Association of Nonaligned Nations • Many countries, like India, want to avoid involvement in the Cold War • In 1955, Indonesia hosts Asian and African leaders who want neutrality • Nonaligned nations—independent countries not involved in the Cold War

49. Confrontations in Latin America • Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution • Fidel Castro—leads revolt in Cuba against dictator supported by the U.S. • By 1959, Castro in power, nationalizes economy, takes U.S. property • In 1961, Castro defeats U.S. trained Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs

50. Fidel Castro