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Dynamic Earth

Dynamic Earth. Chapter 3 Environmental Science 2017-18. Section 1: The Geosphere. Objective 1: Describe the composition and structure of the Earth. Objective 2: Describe Earth’s tectonic plates. Objective 3: Explain the main cause of earthquakes and their effects.

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Dynamic Earth

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  1. Dynamic Earth Chapter 3 Environmental Science 2017-18

  2. Section 1: The Geosphere • Objective 1: Describe the composition and structure of the Earth. • Objective 2: Describe Earth’s tectonic plates. • Objective 3: Explain the main cause of earthquakes and their effects. • Objective 4: Identify the relationship between volcanic eruptions and climate change. • Objective 5: Describe how wind and water alter Earth’s surface.

  3. Section 1: The Geosphere (continued) • The GEOSPHERE is non-living and contains all of Earth’s rocks, soils, and minerals. • Most is located in Earth’s interior! • 5 layers: • Lithosphere • Asthenosphere • Mesosphere • Outer Core • Inner Core

  4. Section 1: The Geosphere (continued)

  5. Section 1: The Geosphere (continued) • The LITHOSPHERE • The OUTER layer • Cool and rigid • Includes the crust and the top part of the mantle • Divided into pieces called tectonic plates • 15-300 km thick • The ASTHENOSPHERE • The SOFT layer BELOW the lithosphere • Has soft rock that flows • Allows tectonic plates to move above it • Part of the mantle • 250 km thick

  6. Section 1: The Geosphere (continued) • The MESOSPHERE • Lower part of the mantle • 2,550 km thick • Made of dense, iron-rich minerals • the OUTER CORE • 2,200 km thick • The outer shell of the core • Made of LIQUID nickel and iron • The INNER CORE • 1,228 km thick • SOLID nickel and iron • At the center of the Earth • Between 4,000 and 5,400 degrees Celsius

  7. Section 1: The Geosphere (continued) • TECTONIC PLATES • Large chunks of the Lithosphere • May move away from, collide with, or slip past each other • TP movement causes mountains, volcanoes, earthquakes, and other natural phenomena • WHERE ARE THE TP BOUNDARIES? WHY DOES IT MATTER? • EARTHQUAKES • Caused by slippage of tectonic plates along a “FAULT” which is a break in the crust • TPs move all the time (we can’t feel them) but earthquakes are caused by large movements. • WHERE DO EARTHQUAKES OCCUR?

  8. Section 1: The Geosphere (continued) • VOLCANOES • A mountain built when magma (melted rock) rises from the interior to Earth’s surface • Magma is called lava once it reaches the surface • Can occur on land or under water • THIS IS HOW ISLANDS ARE FORMED! • Volcanoes explode when pressure builds up inside of them, but some flow all the time (never building up pressure) • EFFECTS • Clouds of ash and sulfur-rich gases go into the atmosphere • Reduced sunlight • Change in global temperature

  9. Section 1: The Geosphere (continued) • WEATHERING AND EROSION • Weathering: process of rocks breaking down due to chemical reactions • Erosion: process of Earth’s surface being loosened, dissolved or worn away and moved by a natural agent such as wind, water, ice or gravity • Both can make DRAMATIC changes to the Earth’s surface! • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-Iak3Wvh9c

  10. Section 2: The Atmosphere • Objective 1: Describe the composition of Earth’s atmosphere. • Objective 2: Describe the layers of Earth’s atmosphere. • Objective 3: Explain three mechanisms of heat transfer in Earth’s atmosphere. • Objective 4: Explain the greenhouse effect.

  11. Section 2: The Atmosphere (continued) • COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE • 78% Nitrogen • 21% Oxygen • 1% Other gases • Atmospheric dust (tiny solid particles) • Soil, salt, ash, volcanic ash, skin, hair, pollen, bacteria, viruses, aerosols, etc • AIP PRESSURE • Atmosphere is pulled to Earth’s surface by gravity • Therefore, the atmosphere is more dense at the surface • WHAT HAPPENS TO THE AIR AS YOU CLIMB MOUNTAINS? WHY?

  12. Section 2: The Atmosphere (continued) • LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE (starting closest to Earth’s surface) • Troposphere (0-18 km from Earth) • Weather happens here • Densest layer • Highest air pressure and jet stream • Most greenhouse gases here • Interaction with all of Earth’s living things • Stratosphere (18-50 km) • Ozone (O3) layer is in this layer • Temp increases as altitude increases • Reduces harmful radiation • O3 absorbs UV rays and warms the air

  13. Section 2: The Atmosphere (continued) • Mesosphere (50-80 km) • “Middle Sphere” • Coldest layer • Where most meteors burn up • Thermosphere (80-550 km) • Farthest from Earth’s surface • HIGH temps above 2,000 degrees C • Due to N2 and O2 • Very THIN layer. You wouldn’t feel the HEAT!!! • Where satellites orbit • Where the aurora borealis happens

  14. Section 2: The Atmosphere (continued) • ENERGY IN THE ATMOSPHERE • RADIATION- transfer of energy as electromagnetic waves • From the sun and fire • CONVECTION- transfer of energy when variations in temp move air matter • Liquids and gases • CONDUCTION- transfer of energy from a warm object to a cold object by touching • Solid to solid • Direct contact

  15. Section 2: The Atmosphere (continued) • GREENHOUSE EFFECT • Sunlight comes from the sun and warms the Earth • Greenhouse gases absorb and reradiate infrared radiation near Earth • Without it, Earth would be too cold to live on • GREENHOUSE GASES • Water vapor • CO2 • Methane • Nitrous oxide • Amounts vary due to natural and industrial processes • Some scientists say these gases and cause climate change • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTvqIijqvTg

  16. Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere • Objective 1: Name the three major processes in the water cycle • Objective 2: Describe the properties of ocean water. • Objective 3: Describe the two types of ocean currents. • Objective 4: Explain how the oceans regulate Earth’s temperature. • Objective 5: Discuss the factors that confine life to the biosphere. • Objective 6: Explain the difference between open and closed systems.

  17. Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere (continued) • THE WATER CYCLE • Evaporation- liquid water is heated and rises into the atmosphere as a vapor • Condensation- water vapor forms droplets on dust particles to make clouds • Precipitation- condensed water droplets fall from the clouds as rain, snow, sleet or hail • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=860rgyy5t0A • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hehXEYkDq_Y

  18. Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere (continued) • ASSIGNMENT TIME! • It’s time for you and your group members to create your own, unique, non-plagiarized WATER CYCLE SONG! • 2-4 minute video • MUST be at least 2 minutes to earn a passing grade! Shoot for 4 minutes! • Props and costumes MUST be incorporated into your video • Can video it with your cell phone • Submit by emailing it to liz.johnson@elmoreco.com • If you opt, you may present it to the class live instead of videoing it. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KM-59ljA4Bs • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNW1evt93e4 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjWUhL8yU0Q • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBwcPuw5Bps

  19. Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere (continued) • OCEANS • All of the Earth’s oceans together make up the WORLD OCEAN • Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean on Earth • Atlantic Ocean is the 2nd largest, but is ½ the size of the Pacific Ocean • Indian Ocean is the third largest • Southern Ocean (designated in 2000) surrounds Antarctica- rapid water movement • Arctic Ocean is the smallest- most of its surface is floating ice called pack ice

  20. Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere (continued) • OCEAN WATER • Contains more salts than freshwater • Salts dissolved out of rocks on land and were carried down rivers over the years • Salts deposited from underwater volcanoes • SALINITY- salt concentration • TEMPERATURE ZONES • Ocean water changes temperatures as you go deeper • Warm water on surface (surface zone) and cold water on ocean floor (dark, deep zone) • The THERMOCLINE is the zone where temperatures fall RAPIDLY with depth • A TEMPERATURE REGULATOR • Ocean water absorbs sunlight and stores it to maintain a stable temperature • Specific heat of water

  21. Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere (continued) • OCEAN CURRENTS • SURFACE CURRENTS- stream-like movements of water at or near the surface of the ocean • Driven by wind patterns • Warm or cold water currents (but these don’t mix well) • Ours is called the Gulf Stream • DEEP CURRENTS- flow along the ocean floor

  22. Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere (continued) • FRESHWATER • 3% of Earth’s water • Most is locked up in ice caps and glaciers • RIVERS • A network of streams that drains an area of land • Tributaries flow into larger streams and rivers • Mississippi River system covers about 40% of the US • GROUNDWATER • Water that sinks into the ground • Fulfills the water needs of humans • Less than 1% of water on Earth • AQUIFERS • A rock layer that stores and allows the flow of ground water

  23. Section 3: The Hydrosphere and Biosphere (continued) • ENERGY FLOW IN THE BIOSPHERE • The sliver of the Earth that can support life • Why? • Liquid water • Moderate temperatures • A source of energy • Meets needs of organisms • Materials organisms need must continually be cycled • Almost every organism gets its food from plants and algae • Plants make their food via sunlight • CLOSED VS OPEN SYSTEM • CLOSED- energy enters and leaves but matter does not • EX: Earth, a watch • Food chain • Carbon cycle • Water cycle • OPEN- both matter and energy are exchanged b/t system and surroundings • EX: human body, Lake Jordan

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