Locomotor System 运动系统

1. Locomotor System 运动系统

2. ①bones(骨)； ②joints(关节)； ③skeletal muscles (骨骼肌).  locomotor system ①bones(骨) ②joints(关节) skeleton(骨骼)

3. The functions of locomotor system include: ①to provide a framework for the body, ②movement,

4. ③to protect important organs such as brain, heart, lungs, and liver etc. ④ to be a storehouse of minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus etc. ⑤to form blood cells.

5. General Description of Osteology (骨学总论)

6. Ⅰ. What is bone? Bone is the hard organs in the body except teeth. There are 206 bones in adults. They possesses the ability of repairing(修复), regeneration (再生) and reconstruction (重建).

7. Ⅱ. Shape and Classification of Bones

8. 1. Classification of Bones based on positions skull(颅骨) bones of trunk (躯干骨) appendicular bones (附肢骨) bones Bones of upper limb Bones of lower limb appendicular bones

9. skull/cranium Bones of trunk Bones of upper limb Bones of lower limb

10. 2. Classification of Bones based on shape ①long bones(长骨)  ②short bones(短骨)  ③flat bones (扁骨)  ④irregular bones (不规则骨)  bones

11. Ⅲ. The Structure of Bones ①bony substance(骨质) ②periosteum (骨膜) ③bone marrow (骨髓) Bones  red bone marrow 红骨髓 bone marrow yellow bone marrow 黄骨髓

12. Ⅳ.The Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Bones ①organic components 有机成分 ②inorganic components 无机成分 Chemical Composition of Bone in adult, organic /inorganic≈3:7

13. The organic materials (有机质, e.g. collagen) form 30-40% the dry weight of bone. The inorganic materials (无机质, mineral salts, e.g. calcium phosphate) form 60-70% the dry weight of the bone.

14. The organic materials give the bones resilience and toughness; The inorganic materialsgive them hardness and rigidity. The physical properties of the bones depend upon the chemical components.

15. In infants and children, the organic components are relatively more than those in adults, so their bones are softer, and are easy to be deformed.

16. In old people, the inorganic components are comparatively more, and bone fracture(骨折) in the aged people is more often.

17. By submerging a bone in a mineral acid (such as hydrochloric acid, HCl) the salts can be removed, but the organic materials remain. Such a specimen(标本) is flexible. For example, a decalcified (脱钙的) fibula can be tied in a knot.

18. By burning a bone with fire, the organic material is removed, this bone is more brittle than porcelain(瓷器). It is crumbled and fractured easily.

19. Ⅴ.The Blood and Nerve Supply of Bones The bones are furnished with an abundance of fine arterioles and nerves.

20. Epiphysial artery骨骺动脉 Metaphysial artery 干骺端动脉 Nutrient artery 滋养动脉 Periosteal artery 骨膜动脉

21. Ⅵ.The Development of Bones Bone develops from mesoderm(中胚层) at about the eighth gestational week (孕周).

22. ①intramembranous ossification (膜内成骨/膜化骨)  ② intracartilaginous ossification (软骨内成骨/软骨化骨)  patterns of ossification(骨化) :

23. Ⅶ. The Functions of Bones (1)to be the framework of the body; (2) to be the levers for muscles; (3) to protect certain important organs; (4) to be the sites for the development of blood cells; (5) to be the storehouse of calcium and phosphorus.

26. skull Bones of trunk Humerus 肱骨 Bones of upper limb Radius 桡骨 Hip bone 髋骨 Bones of lower limb femur 股骨 tibia 胫骨 

27. bone articular capsule articular surface joint articular cavity  bone

28. skeletal muscle (骨骼肌) 

29. origin 起点 insertion 止点 

30. flat bone irregular bone long bone short bone

31. 关节面articular sursace epiphysis骨骺 metaphysis干骺端 shaft骨干 articular sursace关节面 metaphysis干骺端 epiphysis骨骺

32. epiphysis骨骺 metaphysis干骺端 shaft骨干 metaphysis干骺端 epiphysis骨骺

33. epiphysial line 骺线 cancellous bone骨松质 compact bone骨密质 medullary cavity骨髓腔

34. periosteum 骨膜 bone marrow 骨髓 articular sursace关节面  articular cartilage关节软骨

35. Short bones (短骨)Carpal bones Long bones 长骨Metacarpal bones and phalanges Anterior view of right hand bones

36. Long bones 长骨(Metacarpal bones and phalanges)  Short bones 短骨 (tarsal bones 跗骨)

37. calvaria of skull 颅盖骨 flat bones扁骨

38. cranial cavity 颅腔

39. outer plate 外板 diploe 板障  inner plate内板 calvaria of skull 颅盖骨

40. facial cranium 面颅骨 vertebra 椎骨 Hip bone 髋骨 tibia 胫骨

41. irregular bones不规则骨 vertebra椎骨

42. cerebral cranium facial cranium 面颅骨

43. Iliac fossa Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Auricular surface Anterior inferior iliac spine Greater sciatic notch Arcuate line Ischial spine Pecten pubis lesser sciatic notch pubic tubercle Symphysial surface Ischial tuberosity

44. Maxillary sinus 上颌窦  Medial view of maxila

45. periosteum 骨膜 bone marrow 骨髓 articular sursace关节面 articular cartilage关节软骨

46. epiphysial line 骺线 cancellous bone骨松质 bony substance骨质 compact bone骨密质 medullary cavity骨髓腔

47. cancellous bone骨松质 epiphysial line 骺线 compact bone骨密质 medullary cavity骨髓腔

48. cancellous bone骨松质 compact bone骨密质

49. ①fibrous membrane (纤维膜, outer layer) ②vascular membrane (血管膜, inner layer) periosteum 骨膜 The vascular membrane is lined with bone-forming cells, the osteoblasts (成骨细胞).

50. The periosteum plays important roles in the regeneration of the bones. In order to prevent the bony necrosis(坏死) or delayed healing(愈合), the periosteum should be preserved as much as possible in operation.