Introduction to Fallacies

1. Introduction to Fallacies defects that weaken arguments

2. Two things about fallacies: • Fallacious arguments are very, very common and can be quite persuasive • It is sometimes hard to evaluate whether an argument is fallacious Fallacies are defects that weaken arguments.

3. Evidence used to support and prove an argument comes in three forms: • ETHOS • LOGOS • PATHOS 3 types of rhetorical appeals

4. Logos = Rational Appeals • facts • case studies • statistics • experiments • logical reasoning • analogies • anecdotes • authority voices Logos

5. Pathos = Emotional Appeals • Facts • appeal to beliefs and feelingshigher emotions • belief in fairness • love • pity • etc. • lower emotions (greed, lust, revenge, fear, power, etc.) Pathos

6. Ethos = Reputation of the speaker • Trustworthiness • Credibility • Reliability • Expert testimony • Reliable sources • Fairness • Moral authority Ethos

7. Appeals Review video Appeals Review

8. Braveheart starring Mel Gibson • Sir William Wallace was a Scottish knight and landowner who became one of the main leaders during the Wars of Scottish Independence. • Wallace defeated an English army at the Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297, and was Guardian of Scotland, serving until his defeat at the Battle of Falkirk. • In 1305, Wallace was captured in Robroyston near Glasgow and handed over to King Edward I of England, who had him hanged, drawn, and quartered for high treason and crimes against English civilians. • Wallace's “Never Take Our Freedom” Speech Appeals in Practice

9. Find the Logical Fallacies packet in the Junior Class Notebook. • Read the Name of every fallacy listed in the packet silently to yourself. South Park Fallacies Logical Fallacies

10. Watch the discussion. • Discuss with your group: What is the flaw in the argument? • Use the Fallacies handout to do a popcorn reading of this type of fallacy with your group. • In your WNB, write an explanation of this fallacy in your own words • Share your explanation with your group to make sure you got it right Dinner Table fallacies Fallacies in Practice

11. Each person in the group choose one of the remaining fallacies. • Read it carefully—take notes in your own words. • Teach the fallacy to your group—don’t just read the handout! Additional Fallacies

12. "The Word" on taking out Sadaam • Watch the video and look for Fallacies. • In your WNB, use this stem to write an explanation of the fallacy: This is an example of a _________ fallacy because… (use a quote from the video to explain the definition of the fallacy) Find the Fallacies:The Colbert Report

13. The Axe Effect • Fed Ex Commercial • Taco Bell Commercial • ETrade Baby • Cigarette Commercial In your WNB, use the sentence stem to explain the fallacies in each TV commercial: This is an example of a _________ fallacy because… Find the Fallacies: Commercials

14. Obama attacks McCain 2008 • McCain attacks Obama 2008 • The French Connection: Attack on Mitt Ronmey 2012 • TX Gov Rick Perry for Republican Nomination 2012 • Colbert SuperPAC ad: Mitt the Ripper • Animated Imitation: President of Hallville Find the Fallacies: Campaign Ads

15. Read the instructions on the last page of the Fallacies packet. • Follow the instructions as a group to complete the activity in your WNB. Find the Fallacies: Text-based argument

16. Get your NEO number from your teacher • Grab your numbered NEO from the cart • Turn it on (upper left) • Press “Applets” upper right • Select “Responder 1.2”; press enter • Select your teacher/room #; press enter • If your screen says “enter your response” you are in the right place • Wait for further instructions Using a NEO

17. 1) I read "Playboy" magazine, and I don't see how it could be harmful. Which of the following fallacies is NOT present in the above statement? • Ad Populum (Appeal to the People) • Appeal to Ignorance • Hasty Generalization • Appeal to Authority Fallacies Quiz

18. 2) Besides, to be harmful, pornography would either have to harm the men who read it or the women who pose in it, and since they both choose these activities, they must not be harmful. Which one is it? • Straw Man • Appeal to Pity • False Dichotomy • Weak Analogy Fallacies Quiz

19. 3) Feminists should take a lesson from my parents—they don't like loud music and won't have it in their house, but they don't go around saying it's harmful to everyone or trying to prevent others from listening to it. Which is it? • Straw Man • Appeal to Pity • False Dichotomy • Weak Analogy Fallacies Quiz

20. 4) Ever since feminists began attacking our popular culture, the moral foundation of our society has been weakened; the divorce rate, for example, continues to rise. Which two fallacies are present? • Post Hoc (False Cause) • Ad hominem (Against the Person) • Slippery Slope • Red Herring Fallacies Quiz

21. 5) If feminists would just cease their hysterical opposition to sex, perhaps relationships in our society would improve. Which two fallacies are present? • Begging the Question • Straw Man • Ad hominem (Against the Person) • Slippery Slope Fallacies Quiz

22. 6) If feminists insist, instead, on banning porn, men will have no freedom and no pleasure left, and large numbers of women will be jobless and will have to work as prostitutes to support themselves. Which two fallacies are present? • Slippery Slope • Appeal to Ignorance • Appeal to Pity • Begging the Question Fallacies Quiz