Chapter 4 : Summary

1. Chapter 4 : Summary • English 112 / Jan 21/2011 • erika paterson

2. Who said what ?Understanding citation & Reporting Expressions • p. 57: Initial skepticism over the impact of neighborhood conditions .... • ... has spurned considerable research purportedly documenting such effects ... skepticism (Jencks & Mayer 1990) (Aneshensel and Sucoff 1996; Billy, Brewster, and Grady 1994; Corcoran et.al. 1992; Duncan 1994; Duncan, Connel, and Klebanov 1997; Elliott et al. 1996; Entwisle, Alexander, and Orson 1994; cf. Evans, Oates, and Schwab 1992). purportedly documenting How do South and Crowder (1999) attribute/characterize & position with these reporting expressions?

3. citation is summary By working with ‘levels’ of abstraction & detail to capture what is relevant to your discussion. • Without citation -- there is no summary • Each cited statement is like a tiny summary • Without summary - there is no scholarly conversation • Each citation captures the gist of a passage, or an entire article ! How can you capture the ‘gist’ of anentire articlewith one citation?

4. Recording levels Abstractions & Generalities Details & Examples Write as you read / Estimate what is important / Avoid full sentences & copying (p. 60) heterosexual systems social norms institutional discrimination economic/ legal pressures masculine & feminine genders dating/ sex education/ erotica m/f marriage laws, property laws, benefits Heterosexuality appears to be NORMAL - by nature The Social Construction of Heterosexuality Colhoun (1994) traces how heterosexual systems are created through socialization as well as legal and economic pressures (cited in Giltrow 60). She identifies both social practices (dating, sex education, erotica) and legal and economic structures (adoption, marriage laws, health benefits, pensions) which work to socially construct ‘gender dimorphism’ at an early age and eventually to produce the ‘naturalized’ “single unit of man & woman” (61). Heterosexuality appears to be ‘normal’ and ‘by nature’, when in reality it is a socially constructed norm enforced through social, legal and economic practices and laws.

5. The Social Construction of Heterosexuality Colhoun (1994) traces how heterosexual systems are created through socialization as well as legal and economic pressures (cited in Giltrow 60). She identifies both social practices (dating, sex education, erotica) and legal and economic structures (adoption, marriage laws, health benefits, pensions) which work to socially construct ‘gender dimorphism’ at an early age and eventually to produce the ‘naturalized’ “single unit of man & woman” (61). Heterosexuality appears to be ‘normal’ and ‘by nature’, when in reality it is a socially constructed norm enforced through social, legal and economic practices and laws. NOW READ GILTROW’S SUMMARY OF THE SAME PASSAGE p. 63

6. Architecturally expressed health strategies Ex 1 (67) conflict in scale of care connection between public & private institutional /community institutional care /individual patients “at the interface between public presence and private life” (67) hospital/professional care domestic / family care alienates and disorients patients architectural strategies ‘harmonize’ institutional scale with personal outlook make conflict of scale readable and clear ‘rationalize’ the interface' The architectural design of the Bethany Green Health Centre in London, is an example of an ‘architecturally expressed health strategy’ that works to “harmonize” institutional scale with “personal outlook” (cited in Giltrow (2009) 67). The design strategy is to “rationalize the interface” between institutional scale and community, between hospital care and family care; this ‘conflict of scale’ is described as alienating and disorienting for patients. The Bethany Green Health Centre design works to make this conflict “readable and clear” (67).

7. Ex.2 (68): Psychological Stress & Disease pathogenesis of physical disease the course of a disease influenced by stress = negative results anxiety/depression biological & behavioral chronic stress & event stress increase susceptibility smoking/ no exercise illness in family sexual assault Can stress be considered a disease? Cohen et.al. (2007) detail how stress effects the ‘pathogenesis of physical disease’ (cited in Giltrow (68). Stress manifests in anxiety and depression which, citing Kessler (1995), Cohen at. el. explain, can lead to negative “biological processes” (increased susceptibility to disease) and “behavioral patterns” (increased smoking, no exercise, lack of sleep). Cohen et. al. conclude that both chronic stress and event stress effect the pathogenesis of disease by increasing susceptibility “for both physical and psychiatric disorders” (68). While Cohen et. al. emphasize the negative influence of stress on disease risk, one wonders if stress should be considered a disease it it’s own right?

8. Cohen et.al. (2007) detail how stress effects the ‘pathogenesis of physical disease’ (cited in Giltrow (68). Stress manifests in anxiety and depression which, citing Kessler (1995), Cohen at. el. explain, can lead to negative “biological processes” (increased susceptibility to disease) and “behavioral patterns” (increased smoking, no exercise, lack of sleep). Cohen et. al. conclude that both chronic stress and event stress effect the pathogenesis of disease by increasing susceptibility “for both physical and psychiatric disorders” (68). While Cohen et. al. emphasize the negative influence of stress on disease risk, one wonders if stress should be considered a disease it it’s own right? one wonders if (cited in Giltrow (68) Cohen et.al. (2007)detail how I have positioned myself by referring to a larger phenomenon --> look at the bottom of page 65 Cohen at. el. explain Citing Kessler (1995) Cohen et. al. conclude Cohen et. al. emphasize How does my summary attribute/characterize & position with these reporting expressions?

9. Establishing your position • There are several ways to ‘take a position’ in relation to the write whose ideas you are representing (71). • with reporting expressions: according to / explains / suggests /observes/ describes / points to --> argues / asserts/ claims/ --> purportedly documents/ assumes/ presupposes / takes for granted / surprisingly suggests • by mentioning what kind of study: experimental, statistical analysis, field research --> feminist theory / scientific theory / mathematical calculations • by pointing to issues not mentioned in the original: a larger phenomenon: example, Counts and Counts cite Bellah et. al.’s ‘imagined community’ and my examples: social construction of heterosexuality and ‘I wonder if stress should be considered a disease in its own right?

10. Reporting REporting :Tracing the conversation : who said what? (78) “ The Power of the Imagined Community: The Settlement of undocumented Mexicans and Central Americans in the United States.” American Anthropologist 96 (1): 52 -73, 54. Summary of Chavez passage from ... • In his study of the settlement patterns of undocumented immigrants in the US southeast, Chavez (1994) cites Anderson’s notion of community as “imagined”: a subjective sensation of being connected with others, despite inequality and the absence of face-to-face contact, an “image of [...] communion with others” (Anderson cited in Chavez, p. 54). : Anderson’s notion Chavez (1994) cites Let’s read the passage that is being summarized and “follow the journey” of this idea of “imagined community.” [...] (Anderson cited in Chavez, p. 54) Let’s look at this title closely and the formatting of the reference Why is the word “imagined” in quotation marks? (page 77)

11. Suffice to say that despite all the work that has been carried out on communities, the question still remains: What underlies a sense of community? Anderson (1983) examined this question and suggested that communities are “imagined.” Members of modern nations cannot possibly know all their fellow-members, and yet “In the minds of each lives the image of communion [...] It is imagined as a community because, regardless of the actual inequality and exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is always conceived as a deep, horizontal comradeship” (Anderson 1983: 15 -16). In this view, members of a community internalize an image of the community not as a group of anomic individuals but as inter-connected members who share equality in their fundamental membership in the community. Now, lets review the summary again, go to page 78 Text

12. A level summary • Racist attitudes in Literature and Historical accounts of Travelers • In Traveling Cultures, James Clifford (1997) questions the definition of "travel" by examining the influence of class and race on its application. Historically, for example, people of color and those of 'lower' classes were never deemed "travelers" (cited in Giltrow 77).  Clifford calls attention to the fact that in literature and historical accounts, "travelers" were consistently white, bourgeois voyagers, and rarely the non-white servants or guides who made the voyage possible (77). Clifford brings to light the historically racist role of the term "traveler" and causes the reader to rethink their present definition or notion of the term. • Medical choices and The Role of the 'Therapeutic Community' • Mary Douglas (1996) examines the influence of culture in medical disciplines, highlighting the influence of therapeutic communities and social norms on a patient. Social norms, she explains, have created a "sick role". Employing Janzen's concept of a " therapeutic community" (friends, family, neighbors, and the local doctor who are always ready with medical advice), Douglas explains how 'the patient' is pressured into adhering to the 'norms' of this "sick role" (cited in Giltrow, 75). If the patient does not desire to follow these "rules", they risk isolation, and are therefore under great pressure to be loyal to the therapeutic community and a certain medical theory.

13. Racist attitudes in Literature and Historical accounts of TravelersIn Traveling Cultures, James Clifford (1997) questions the definition of "travel" by examining the influence of class and race on its application. Historically, for example, people of color and those of 'lower' classes were never deemed "travelers" (cited in Giltrow 77).  Clifford calls attention to the fact that in literature and historical accounts, "travelers" were consistently white, bourgeois voyagers, and rarely the non-white servants or guides who made the voyage possible (77). Clifford brings to light the historically racist role of the term "traveler" and causes the reader to rethink their present definition or notion of the term.