Chapter 1 Anatomical Terminology, Medical Imaging, Organ System Overview

1. Chapter 1 Anatomical Terminology, Medical Imaging, Organ System Overview

2. Memorization • Factors that affect transfer from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM) • Emotional state: best if alert, motivated, surprised and aroused • Rehearsal: repetition and practice • Association: tying new information with old memories • Automatic memory: subconscious information stored in LTM

3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cellular level Chemical level Tissue level Heart Bloodvessels Organ level Organismal level Organ system level

4. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy: Structure of body parts and their relations • Gross (seen by unaided eye): regional, systemic, surface • Microscopic: cytology and histology • Developmental: studying the anatomy of the developing organism and embryology (fertilization to third month--> fetus) • Physiology: function

5. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology • Essential tools for the study of anatomy: • Mastery of anatomical terminology • Observation • Manipulation • Palpation • Auscultation

6. Anatomical Terminology - The Language of Anatomy • 1. Prefixes Indicating Location, Direction, and Tendency • Prefix Meaning Example_________________ • Ab-from, away abnormal - away from normal • Ad-to, near, toward adrenal - near the kindey • Ante-before antepartum - before delivery of child • Brady-slow bradycardia - slow heart beat • Brev-short brevity - in a short time • Circum-around circumocular - around the eye • Co-with, together coordinate - work together • Con-with, together congenital - with birth • Contra- against contraindicated - not indicated • Counter- against counterirritant - against irritation • Dis-apart from disarticulated - taking a joint apart • Ect-outside ectonuclear - outside the nucleus

7. Anatomical Terminology - The Language of Anatomy • 1. Prefixes Indicating Location, Direction, and Tendency • End- within endocardium - lining inner heart • Epi-upon, on top of epidermis - upon the skin • Ex-out from exhalation - breathe out • Hypo-under, lower hypodermic - under the skin • Hyper-above, higher hyperactive - higher level activity • Im-not immature - not mature • In-not incurable - not curable • Infra-under, below infrapatellar - below the knee • Peri-around pericardium - sac around the heart • Post- after postmortem - after death • Pre- before prenatal - before birth • Pro- before prognosis - a fore-knowing • Super-above, on top superciliary - above the eyebrow • Supra- above, on top suprapubic - above the pubic bone • Sym- with, together symphony - sounds played together • Syn-with, together synarthrosis - union of bones • Trans- through, across transurethral - through the urethra

8. 2. Prefixes Indicating Number and Measurement • Uni- one unicycle - one wheel • Mono-one mononuclear - one nucleus • Bi-two bilateral - two sides • Bin- two binocular - two eyes • Di- two dicephalic - two heads • Ter-three tertiary - the third part or stage • Tri-three trilobar - three lobes • Quadr- four quadriceps - muscle with four heads • Tetra-four tetracylcine - four-ringed molecule • Poly- many polydactyly - many digits (more than 5) • Oligo- few oligosaccharide - few sugars linked together • Micro- small microscope - equipment to view small things • Macro- large macrophage - large eating cell • Mega- great/enormous megadontia - huge teeth

9. 3. Prefixes Denoting Organs, Structures, Things • Acoust- sound acoustics - quality of sound • Aud- ear, hear audition - to hear someone • Abdomin/oabdomen abdominal - relating to the abdomen • Acr/oextremity, limbs acromegaly - abnormally large limbs • Blast/o early, embryonic blastocyte - embryonic type cell • Aden/o gland adenopathy - disease of a gland • Angi/o vessel angiogram - picture of a vessel • Arthr/ojoint arthritis - inflammation of a joint • Bucc/o cheek buccolabial - relating to cheek and lip • Cardi/o heart cardiology - study of the heart • Corp- body corpus callosum - connecting body • Chondr/o cartilage chondrocyte - cartilage cell • Cephal/o head cephalic - relating to the head • Cyst/obladder cystoscopy - view of the bladder • Cyt/o cell cytokinesis - cell movement

10. Prefixes Denoting Organs, Structures, Things • Dent/o tooth dental - referring to teeth • Dermat/oskin dermatitis - skin inflammation • Duoden/oduodenum duodenal - relating to the duodenum • Encephal/obrain encephalitis - brain inflammation • Gastr/ostomach gastrointestinal - stomach and intestine • Hepat/oliver hepatitis - liver inflammation • Gloss/otongue glossopathy - tongue disease • Glute-buttocks gluteus minimus - small buttocks muscle • Laryng/olarynx laryngitis - larynx inflammation • My/o muscle myocardium - heart muscle • Nephr/o kidney nephrologist - one who studies kidneys • Neur/onerve neurosurgeon - surgeon of nervous system • Oste/o bone osteocyte - bone cell • Ot/o ear otitis media - middle ear inflammation • Ophthalm/o eye exophthalmos - eyes bulge out • Path/odisease pathological - relating to disease • Pneumon/o lung pneumonia - condition of the lung • Rhin/onose rhinoplasty - reform the nose • Stomat/omouth, opening stomatitis - mouth inflammation • Thorac/o chest or thorax thoracocentesis - puncture of the thorax

11. Suffixes Denoting Relations, Conditions, and Agents • Suffix Meaning Example____________________________ • -ac related to cardiac - related to the heart • -ious related to contagious - communicable by contact • -ic related to pyloric - related to pyloric valve of stomach • -ismcondition mutism - condition of being mute • -osis condition scoliosis - S-shaped condition of backbone • -tion condition constipation - constant blockage condition • -ist agent (a person) opthalmologist - eye doctor • -oragent operator • -eragent examiner • -icianagent physician • -centesisto puncture amniocentesis - puncture the amnion (fluid) • -ectomyto cut out and remove appendectomy - cut out & remove appendix • -ostomyto cut and form opening colostomy - opening to drain the colon • -otomy to cut or slice tracheotomy - cut the trachea

12. 4. Suffixes Denoting Relations, Conditions, and Agents • Suffix Meaning Example____________________________ • -pexy to fix or repair gastropexy - repair the stomach • -plastyto reform or repair rhinoplasty - reform the nose • -rraphyto suture, sew ateriorraphy - suture an artery • -scopy to view otoscope - instrument to view ear • -algia pain neuralgia - nerve pain • -cide kill or destroy germicide - substance that kills germs • -emia of the blood cholesterolemia - cholesterol in the blood • -gram writing or record electrocardiogram - record of heart action • -graphrecording instrument electrocardiograph - records the heart • -itisinflammation appendicitis - appendix inflammation • -ologythe study of ophthalmology - study of the eye • -omatumor lymphoma - tumor of lymphatics • -orrheaflow menorrhea - flow during menstruation • -malaciasoft osteomalacia - bone softening • -phasiaspeech dysphasia - slurred or blunted speech • -phobia fear arachnophobia - fear of spiders

13. Anatomical Position • Why? • Standard anatomical body position: • Body erect • Feet slightly apart • Palms facing forward

14. Directional terms: • Superior: toward the upper region of body or structure, above • Inferior: below, toward the lower region of body or structure • Anterior (ventral): toward the front in humans • Posterior (dorsal): toward the back in humans • Medial: toward the midline of the body; inner side • Ipsilateral: same side • Contralateral: on the opposite side • Lateral: away from the midline of the body; toward the side • Intermediate: between a more medial and a more • lateral structure

15. Directional terms (continued): • Proximal: closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to a body part • Distal: farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to a body part • Superficial (external): toward of at the body surface • Deep (internal):Away from the surface; more internal • Parietal: Pertaining to the walls of a cavity • Visceral: Pertaining to an internal organ the body or internal part of a structure

16. Planes and Sections • Frontal (coronal) plane: Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior parts • Transverse (horizontal) plane: Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior parts; produces a cross section • Oblique section: Cuts made diagonally • Sagittal plane: divides the body vertically into left and right parts • Midsagittal plane: lies on the midline • Parasagittal plane: not on the midline

18. Cavities: spaces closed to the outside that protect organs within Cranial cavity (contains brain) Cranial cavity Thoracic cavitycontains heart andlungs Pleural cavity Vertebral cavity (contains spinal cord) Pericardial cavity inmediastinum Diaphragm Abdominal cavity contains digestiveviscera Abdomino- pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum) (a) Lateral view (b) Anterior view Figure 1.9a-b

19. Body Cavities 1. Dorsal Body Cavity a. cranial cavity (brain) b. vertebral cavity (spinal cord) 2. Ventral Body Cavity (viscera - organs found here) a. thoracic cavity i. pleural cavity (space separating the parietal pleura and visceral pleura of lungs - like balloon pushed in with fist) ii. mediastinum - all contents of thoracic cavity except the lungs (eg. heart) b. abdominopelvic cavity i. abdominal - stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine ii. pelvic - urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive organs 3.Other Body Cavities a. oral cavity (mouth) b. nasal cavity (sinuses for air passage) c. orbital cavities (eyes) d. middle ear cavities (in temporal bone) e. synovial cavities (freely moveable joints)

20. Serous Membrane (Serosa): a double membrane surrounding the ventral body cavities heart • Thin, double-layered membrane separated by serous fluid • Parietal serosa lines internal body walls • Visceral serosa covers the internal organs Parietal pericardium Pericardial space with serous fluid Visceral pericardium

21. Abdominopelvic quadrants Used mostly by medical professionals Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) Figure 1.11

22. Abdominopelvic regions: nine divisions used primarily by anatomists Diaphragm Liver Right hypochondriac region Left hypochondriac region Epigastric region Stomach Gallbladder Transverse colon of large intestine Ascending colon of large intestine Right lumbar region Left lumbar region Umbilical region Descending colon of large intestine Small intestine Cecum Initial part of sigmoid colon Right iliac (inguinal) region Hypogastric (pubic) region Left iliac (inguinal) region Appendix Urinary bladder (a) Nine regions delineated by four planes (b) Anterior view of the nine regions showing the superficial organs Figure 1.12

23. Regional Terms • Two major divisions of body: • Axial • Head, neck, and trunk • Appendicular • Limbs • Regional terms designate specific areas

24. Upper limb Cephalic Acromial Frontal Brachial (arm) Orbital Antecubital Nasal Antebrachial (forearm) Oral Mental Carpal (wrist) Cervical Manus (hand) Thoracic Palmar Axillary Pollex Mammary Digital Sternal Abdominal Lower limb Umbilical Coxal (hip) Pelvic Femoral (thigh) Inguinal (groin) Patellar Crural (leg) Fibular or peroneal Pubic (genital) Pedal (foot) Tarsal (ankle) Thorax Metatarsal Abdomen Digital Back (Dorsum) Hallux (a) Anterior/Ventral

25. Upper limb Cephalic Otic Acromial Occipital (back of head) Brachial (arm) Olecranal Cervical Antebrachial (forearm) Back (dorsal) Manus (hand) Scapular Metacarpal Vertebral Digital Lumbar Lower limb Sacral Femoral (thigh) Gluteal Popliteal Perineal (between anus and external genitalia) Sural (calf) Fibular or peroneal Pedal (foot) Thorax Abdomen Back (Dorsum) Calcaneal Plantar (b) Posterior/Dorsal Figure 1.7b

26. Medical Imaging Techniques A. Classic X-ray : radiography (radiograph) 1. good for dense structures (bones and tumors)

27. B. Computed Tomography (CT) or Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scanning 1. employs X-ray technology to create clearer image 2. tumors, aneurysms, kidney stones, gallstones, etc. C. Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR) 1. ultrafast CT scan to see 3D images of organ action/motion 2. can visualize blood flowing though vessels and heart beating 3. can evaluate heart defects, constricted or blocked vessels and the status of coronary bypass grafts

28. C. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 1.uses magnetic properties of molecules, not X-rays 2. presence of cancer cells, chemical disease of brain, spinal cord disorders, blood flow problems, injury after stroke, measure effects of drugs on tissues 3. used chiefly on soft tissues such as brain & heart because it looks at hydrogen which is mostly in water Pancreas Aorta Spleen Liver Spinal cord Intestines Rectum Spleen Left and right lungs Liver Heart Body wall Vertebral column Stomach Arm Subcutaneous fat layer

29. E. Ultrasound (US) 1. uses high frequency sound waves 2. gall stones, pelvic organs, blood flow, fetal development

30. F. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 1. uses radioisotopes such as Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13, computer analyzes emmission of gamma rays and produces a colorful live action picture 2. Detects areas undergoing metabolism 3. very good at studying glucose absorption by neurons in the brain during certain tasks. Also detects brain activity in people affected by mental illness, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy.

31. G. Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) 1. takes X-ray picture before and after administration of contrast substance to the vessels 2. used to study vessels of the brain and heart to help prevent strokes and heart attacks

32. Respiratory system Takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide Digestive system Takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) Food O2 CO2 Cardiovascular system Via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to disposal organs Blood CO2 O2 Heart Nutrients Interstitial fluid Urinary system Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions Integumentary system Protects the body as a whole from the external environment Nutrients and wastes pass between blood and cells via the interstitial fluid Feces Urine

33. Digestive system: • mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestine, salivary glands, exocrine pancreas, liver, gallbladder • breaks dietary food into small nutrient molecules. • Respiratory system: • Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs • obtains O2 & eliminates CO2 • Circulatory system: • heart, blood, blood vessels • transports materials (e.g., nutrients, gases)

34. Skeletal system • bones, cartilage, joints • provides support and protection for soft tissues • Muscular system • skeletal muscles • moves the bones • Urinary system • kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra • removes & eliminates wastes from the plasma

35. Immune system • lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, tonsils, adenoids, spleen, appendix, white blood cells & tissue, other lymphoid tissue • defends against foreign invaders • Nervous system • brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves & special sense organs • Rapid control system • Integumentary system • skin, hair, nails • serves as an outer protective barrier

36. Endocrine system • all hormone-secreting tissues, including: hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, endocrine pancreas, gonads, kidneys, pineal, thymus, parathyroids, intestine, heart, fat cells, skin • regulates activities that require duration • Reproductive system • Male: testes, penis, prostate glands, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, & associated ducts • Female: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina, breasts • reproductive - perpetuation of the species