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(Systeme International). Branches of Earth Science. Geology Study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth Meteorology Study atmosphere, especially weather & weather conditions. Oceanography Study of the ocean and its phenomena 4. Astronomy
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Branches of Earth Science • Geology Study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth • Meteorology Study atmosphere, especially weather & weather conditions
Oceanography Study of the ocean and its phenomena 4. Astronomy Study of the position, composition of stars, planets & other objects
Earth’s 4 Spheres Geosphere/
PLEASE GET OUT A BLANK SHEET OF PAPER…. TIME TO DRAW A…. SCIENTIST!!!
How many of your drawings portrayed a scientist that… • Is male? • Is female? • Is wearing glasses? • Is wearing a lab coat? • Has crazy hair? • Is holding lab equipment? • Is holding/around animals? • Is white? 9. Asian? 10. African-American?
Albert Einstein Theoretical Physicist Best known for… E=MC2
Charles DarwinNaturalistBest known for…The voyage of the BeagleThe Origin of SpeciesNatural Selection
Nikola TeslaInventor and Electrical EngineerKnown for… Birth of commercial electricity (electricity and magnetism)
Marie CuriePhysicist, ChemistKnown for….Pioneer work in RadioactivityDiscovered Polonium and Radium2 Nobel Prizes
George Washington CarverBotanist, InventorKnown for…Crop rotation- revolutionized southern farming (peanuts & sweet potatoes).
Dr. Charles DrewPhysician & ResearcherKnown for…Developing blood banks early in WWII
Rachel Carson Marine Biologist helped advance the environmental movement. Best Known For…. Silent Spring Led to the formation of the EPA.
Rosalind FranklinBiophysicistX-ray CrystallographerKnown for….X-ray images of DNA.
Jane GoodallPrimatologistEthologistAnthropolgistKnown for…. 45 year study of chimpanzee social and family interactions
One more…. YOU!!!
Methods of Science To answer questions, scientists use many approaches, but they all use common steps – SCIENTIFIC METHOD • Problem/Question Develop a question or problem that can be solved through experimentation 2. Observation/Research Make observations and research your topic of interest.
3. Hypothesis Possible explanation for the problem. - Must be testable! - Example: If soil temperatures rise, then plant growth will increase. 4. Experiment Develop a procedure to test your hypothesis. Must be measurable (quantifiable).
5. Collect & Analyze Results/Data - Data is information obtained from an experiment - Can disprove or prove a hypothesis - Include tables, graphs & photographs - Numbers, descriptors 6.Conclusion - Statement that accepts or rejects the hypothesis - Make recommendations for further study
Experimental Variables • Independent Variable • On theXaxis • Intentionally manipulated variable • Ex: John is going to use 25 g, 50g, 100g and 250g of sugar in his experiment • Dependent Variable • On the Y axis • Factor that may change as a result of changes made in the independent variable • Ex: Size of the loaf of bread based on amount of sugar used.
Situation 1 • Independent Variable: • Dependant Variable: • Control: 1. Anne read that there had been a sewage spill in one of the local creeks that runs into the local river that is used for recreation, electric power and drinking water. She also read that the factor which causes fish kills in the water seems to be a lowering of the dissolved oxygen. She also learned that the microorganisms in the sewage were using up the oxygen and if the weather remained cool the DO level would probably remain acceptable. She collected samples of water from the creek, took them back to the lab and put them into several containers of the same size into which she put the same amount of water. She varied the temperatures of each container from below room temperature to above room temperature but kept each at a constant temperature. Each day she performed a dissolved oxygen test on the samples and recorded her data. At the end of 5 days she was able to draw conclusions from her experiment.
2. John and his lab group were studying how abiotic influence affect organisms. They were told that they were to work with brine shrimp and to determine the pH at which they survive best. They worked with plastic tubing that could be closed off at each end. They began by putting 10 brine shrimp in the tubing in a solution of water. In one end they injected a small amount of a 1% solution of HCL. In the other end a 1% solution of KOH was injected. They observed the shrimp for 30 minutes, recorded their preferences at one-minute intervals and repeated the experiment 3 times. • Situation 2 • - Independent Variable: • - Dependant Variable: • - Control:
3. Amy's lab assignment was to determine how members of a species are affected by intraspecific competition. (Competition by members within the same species). She used radish seeds and planted them in small pots. She put the same amount of dirt in each pot. In the first five pots she planted one seed. In the second five pots she planted 10 seeds and in the third five pots she planted 20 seeds. She placed them in a well lighted area and watered her plants whenever the soil surface was dry. At the end of three weeks she removed the plants from each pot including the roots and determined the biomass from each pot. From this she was able to determine the average biomass. • Situation 3 • - Independent Variable: • - Dependant Variable: • - Control:
Situation 4 • - Independent Variable: • - Dependant Variable: • - Control: 4. Bob’s lab in APES was to measure the effect of toxic materials on brine shrimp and determine the LD50 (lethal dose 50%). His group was assigned to determine the LD50 of copper sulfate (CuSO4). They used two petri dishes per concentration. In two petri dishes they put a 10% solution of CuSO4 . In the next a 1% solution, in the next 0.1% , in the next 0.01% and in the last they used 0% copper suflate. They put 10 brine shrimp in each petri dish and they examined them at the end of 24 and 48 hours. From this they were able to determine the approximate concentration at which 50% of the brine shrimp died within 48 hours.
Situation 5 • - Independent Variable: • - Dependant Variable: • - Control: 5. Katherine wanted to determine which of several popular herbicides was most effective on weeds. She grew five flats of 100 grass seeds each for 5 days. She then took each of five herbicides and sprayed the same amount on each flat. Each flat received the same amount of water and sunlight. She observed the flats and the end of 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours and counted how many plants in each flat died within the various time periods.
Control & Experimental Groups • Control Group • Serves as the standard of comparison • No treatment given- control group is exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group (except for the variable being tested). • Experimental Group • Independent variable is changed • Ex: temperature or water given to a plant
Scientific Method Practice Work on the scientific method pages in your packet. When you finish, work on the review page. TEST ________ REVIEW SHEET & PACKET are DUE at the TEST
Representing Data Graphing- A visual representation of data collected in an experiment 1. Line Shows trends easily
2. Bar Shows counts. 3. Pie Shows percent of a whole.
4. Pictograph uses images to depict information If I wanted to make a graph of how much rainfall occurred in each month, how should I plot my data for a bar graph? (What should be put on the X and Y axis?)
ALWAYS USE… L I N T ABELS NTERVALS UMBERS ITLE
Metric System (SI System) • The Universal language of measurement • Easily communicated to others • Decimal system based on the number 10 Used to measure length, volume, mass, weight, density and temperature
Only 3 countries do NOT use the metric system United States, Burma & Liberia
Kilo HectoDecaBASEDeciCentiMilli“King Henry Died By drinking chocolate milk” M 1000 Hecto D (sometimes da) 1/10 Centi 1/1000 Micro
Kilo HectoDecaBASEDeciCentiMilli 1000X 1000X 10X 1X 1/10X 100X 1/100X K H D g, m, L d c m “King Henry Died By drinking chocolate milk”
Length: Measurement of distance between two points. 1000m 1/1000m 1,000,000m 1/100m # is SMALLER K H D B d c m # is LARGER basic unit is the meter Kilometer – Millimeter – Megameter – Centimeter –
MASS: the amount of matter in an object. Basic unit is the gram (g) • Nickel = 5 g • Person 52 kg What is the difference between mass and weight? Weight is the force which a given mass feels due to the gravity at its place. (F = m x a)
VOLUME: Measure of the amount of liquid material • Basic unit is the Liter (L) • 1 can of coke is 355 mL • 1 large Nalgene bottle is 1L
DENSITY: used to compare substances based on mass and volume. • Basic unit is g/mL • Density = mass/volume (D=M/V) Example an unknown sample: Mass = 1g and Volume = 1 mL D = 1g/1mL = 1g/mL FYI: 1 mL = 1cm3 SAME MASS BUT DIFFERENT VOLUMES! WHAT HAPPENED TO THE DENSITY? WATER!
