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Vocabulary List

Vocabulary List. 1. Trait - a feature inherited from parents, e.g. eye color 2. Chromosome - strand of DNA inherited from parents, located inside nucleus 3. DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid 4. Gene - piece of DNA that codes for a trait. DNA. Deoxyribonucleic Acid List the phases of mitosis?

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Vocabulary List

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  1. Vocabulary List • 1. Trait- a feature inherited from parents, e.g. eye color • 2. Chromosome- strand of DNA inherited from parents, located inside nucleus • 3. DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid • 4. Gene- piece of DNA that codes for a trait

  2. DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid List the phases of mitosis? 2. List the four classes of biological molecules

  3. Components & Structure of DNA • In Interphase __________ replicates so that _______________ can occur. • In mitosis we discussed the _________ dividing. • Now we are going to learn about chromosome composition. (Composition = _______________). • Chromosomes consist of genes. • Genes: sequence of DNA that codes for a particular _________ to be formed, which will give you your __________.

  4. Structure of DNA • DNA consists of nucleotides. • Nucleotides have three components: 1. Pentose sugar: deoxyribose 2. Phosphate molecule 3. Nitrogen base (molecule that contains nitrogen) • Adenine • Guanine • Cytosine • Thymine • BONDING OF BASES • A-T (2 HYDROGEN BONDS) • C-G (3 HYDROGEN BONDS)

  5. DNA is a double helix (twisted ladder) • The sides =sugar and phosphate. • The steps = N bases • Draw this and circle a nucleotide. 

  6. QOD 3-15-11 Draw and State a relationship between touching words

  7. DNA Math • If A always bonds to __, and C always bonds to __, then we can calculate the % of each base pair in a strand of DNA. • e.g. If there is 16% Adenine in a strand of DNA, calculate the % of: • ____%T • ___%G • ___%C

  8. DNA Math: Calculate the % of all fouor base pairs if: • 1. G=15% • 2. T=20% • 3. A=10% • 4. G=14% • 5. C=22% • 6. T=32% • 7. C=28% • 8. A=13% • 9. T=42% • 10. A=36%

  9. What are the Eight Criteria for something to be Living? • 1. Reproduction • 2. Growth and Development • 3. Energy Use • 4. Response to Environment • 5. Homeostasis • 6. Evolution • 7. Organization • 8. Inheritable Info • Fire, dirt, air, heart, animal, plant, sun, heart

  10. QUIZ TOMORROW • 1. Draw this strand of DNA. • 2. Calculate % • A = 12% • T = • C = • G = • 3. Fill-in-the-Blank • Feature inherited from parents • Strand of DNA • Piece of DNA that codes for a trait • Spell DNA

  11. DNA Marshmallow Model • 4-5 per group • 40 nucleotides: 10A, 10C, 10G, 10T • Assemble into a double helix. • Exit Slip: Place your model on a piece of paper with a key and your name. • Structure=20 points • Labeling=20 points

  12. 1-7-12 • What is a nucleotide? • What are the three components of a nucleotide?

  13. DNA Extraction Lab & Lab Report • Complete the lab and begin your lab report.

  14. DNA & Complementary Base Pairing • Adenine and Thymine always bond together with two hydrogen bonds. • Cytosine and Guanine always bond together with three hydrogen bonds. • Overall DNA is described as a double helix (twisted ladder)

  15. Flashback of DNA &Traits • In Interphase DNA _______________ so that a copy can be given to each new ____________ cell. • DNA codes for our individual _____ by coding for particular ____________. • DNA codes for these proteins using the nucleic acid known as __ __ __. • RNA differs from DNA in 3 ways: • Single stranded • Uracil not thymine • Ribose not deoxyribose.

  16. EOC Level 1

  17. Relate the words in the drawing below.

  18. Vocabulary List #1: Semester 2 • 1. Gene- segment of chromosome/DNA that codes for a particular trait. • 2. mRNA- type of RNA that copies the DNA in the nucleus • 3. tRNA- type of RNA that attaches amino acids and has an anti-codon. • 4. Transcription- process of mRNA made from the DNA • 5. Translation- process of protein being made based off the mRNA

  19. 6. Codon- 3 base pairs on the mRNA • 7. Anti-codon- 3 base pairs on the tRNA • 8. Ribosome- organelle that makes proteins • 9. Amino acid- monomer of a protein • 10. Chromosome-strand of DNA in the nucleus • 11. Mutation- DNA that has become changed

  20. Transcription Looks Like…

  21. DNA & RNA Working Together • Transcription – the process that DNA strands become separated, and mRNA copies one of the strands. • Notice mRNA is being made from DNA, and complimentary base pairing except with uracil.

  22. Translation • Translation- occurs in the ribosome. • Takes the mRNA from the nucleus, tRNA from the ribosome and makes a protein. • PROTEINS = YOUR TRAITS

  23. Bell Ringer 1-13-14

  24. Transcription and Translation MovieT & T Movie

  25. 1-14-14 Level 2

  26. mRNA tRNA Protein • mRNA is made in the ____________, and then travels to the ______________, and attaches to a ___________ so protein formation can occur. • Translation- term used to describe mRNA and tRNA creating a protein. • The monomer of a protein is an ______ _____, and these are coded for by codons and anti-codons. • A codon is a _ letter sequence on the _____strand. • Each codon matches to an _______ , and an amino acid is linked together. • The amino acids link together to form a ____ which gives you your ________.

  27. Let’s Practice • DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation

  28. Expectations: • Protein Lab Paper Due • Test Tomorrow: Vocabulary, Math, DNA • Extra Credit if Signed • Today: MUTATIONS • mRNA: G G C U A A C A G C CC

  29. 1-21-14 • 1. Where is mRNA synthesized? • 2. How many nitrogen bases comprise a codon? • 3. tRNA will match its ____ _____ to the _____ on the mRNA strand, and link the correct ____ acid to make the correct protein. • 4. The process that makes mRNA is called _________, and occurs in the __________. • 5. The process that makes proteins is called____, and occurs in the _________.

  30. If the mRNA codon is AUG which amino acid will it deliver?

  31. Mutations • When DNA is being copied during ___________, sometimes it makes mistakes. • ______________ are changes in the genetic material. • Two Types of Mutations: • 1. Point Mutations • 2. Chromosomal Mutations

  32. Bellringer 1-27-14 • PREDICT what will happen to an individual if their mRNA goes from: • Original mRNA: A U G C A G U C C U G A • Mutated mRNA: A U G U A A C C U A A G

  33. Mutations Point Mutations 4 types Chromosomal Mutations Deletion- entire piece of a chromosome is missing Duplication- two of the same gene are on the same chromosome. Inversion- gene is inserted upside down. Translocation- gene from one chromosome is put on the wrong one. • One nucleotide is inserted, deleted, or substituted. • Silent- no change • Missense- one amino acid is changed. • Nonsense- stop codon is inserted where it shouldn’t be • Frameshift- entire amino acid sequence changes

  34. Figure 12.19 Chromosomal Mutations (A, B)

  35. Point Mutations Frameshift Mutations Kabuki’s disease 1:32,000- caused by framshift & nonsense

  36. Exit Slip 1-22-13: Name the processes taking place below. (there are 3)

  37. DNA and Criminology Reading • Why do scientists use 13 different loci (locations) to DNA fingerprint someone? • When the article talks about “DNA evidence” what are they referring to? • Do you think DNA evidence is accurate enough to incarcerate or exonerate someone?

  38. Assignment • Read 12.1, 12.2 • Answer questions on 294,296, and 299 • Begin constructing a paper model of DNA • Color Code: • Deoxyribose= purple • Phosphate= black • Adenine= blue • Thymine= yellow • Cytosine= brown • Guanine= green

  39. Assignment • In 1970 a man was accused of killing his beloved wife. All that was gathered at the crime scene was a bloody knife he was holding, and some unidentified hairs on his wife’s body. He maintains his innocence, and has contacted you a DNA expert to help exonerate him from prison. • Can you help him? • Use your knowledge of DNA base pair sequencing. • Outline the steps you will take to help him repeal his case.

  40. Early Investigation of DNA • Scientists knew that DNA: • 1. Genes carried genetic information from one generation to another. • 2. Genes used DNA to code for an individual’s traits. • 3. Genes had to be easily duplicated, since each time a cell divides (mitosis) the DNA was copied as well.

  41. Vocabulary Week #2 • 1. codon- sequence of 3 nitrogen bases on mRNA • 2. anti-codon- sequence of 3 nitrogen bases on tRNA • 3. mRNA- made in the nucleus, copy of DNA strand • 4. tRNA- located in ribosome, makes the amino acid chain based off of mRNA • 7. Transcription- process that a DNA strand become separated, and mRNA copies one of the DNA strands. • 8. Translation- process of mRNA being decoded resulting in protein formation.

  42. DNA Terms • DNA has a twisted ladder shape known as _________ _______ • ___ (#)bonds hold adenine to thymine • ___ (#) bonds hold cytosine to guanine • __________, ___________, & __________ make up a nucleotide.

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