History of Russian Media Model

1. History of Russian Media Model Professor Elena Vartanova Faculty of Journalism Moscow State University/ Aleksander Institute, Helsinki University

2. What do You Know about Russia?

3. Basic Data on Russia • 146 693 300 Inhabitants (1999) • Russian Federation = 21 Republics + 6 Territories + 49 Regions +10 Autonomous Districts + 1 Autonomous Region + 2 Cities = 89 Administrative ‘Subjects of Federation’ • 51 Nationalities • Variety of Languages • 4 Major Religions + Variety of Small Confessions • Largest in the World is Terms of Territory • Sparsely Populated • Uneven in Terms of Economic Development

4. Main Periods of History • Kiev Russia (860-1689) • Imperial (1689-1916) • Soviet (1917-1991) • Post-Soviet (1991 to the present)

5. Romanovs • 1613 - National council elects Michael Romanov as tsar • 1689-1725 - Peter the Great introduced reforms • 1772 - 1814 - Russia extend territories (Crimea, Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Georgia) • 1814 Russia defeated Napoleon's Army • 1861 - Emancipation Edict ends serfdom; rapid industrialisation, growth of working class movement and revolutionary ideas • 1897 - Social Democratic Party founded and in 1903 splits into Bolshevik and Menshevik factions. • 1904-05 - Russian war with Japan and in 1905 revolution, which forced Tsar Nicholas II to grant a constitution and establish a parliament, or Duma • 1914 - outbreak World War I, Russia fought alongside Britain and France

6. The Soviet Union • 1917 October - Bolsheviks overthrow provisional government of Alexander Kerensky • 1918 - Treaty of Brest-Litovsk:end of the war with Germany, but at the cost of Russia ceding large tracts of territory • 1918-22 - Civil war between the Red Army and White Russians aided by Britain, France and the US • 1926 - creation of the Soviet Union • 1941-1945 - Great Patriotic War as a Pert of the Second World War • Since 1953 (Stalin’s death) drive to the Thaw • 1964 - Khroushev dismissed, Brezhnev era

7. Russia • 1985 - Gorbachev’s policies of acceleration, reconstruction (perestroyka) and glasnost • 1991- dissolution of the USSR • 1992-1993 - liberalization of economy • 1996 - re-election of Eltsin • 1998 - financial crisis • 2000, 2004 - Putin elected as President

8. Tsars as Founders of Russian Media: ‘Political Weapon’ • Peter the Great (I): initiator of the first Russian newspaper ‘Vedomosti’ • Katherine the Great (II): friend of Voltaire and publisher of ‘Miscellaneous’ magazine • Pavel I: the philosophy of censorship

9. Journalism as Creative Literary Profession • Karamzine, Zhoukovsky: working as editors • Poushkine: the first Russian journalist • Nekrasov, Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy: essays as journalism content • Russian modernists as magazine publishers

10. Russian Media History as the History of Censorship • Nikolas the I (1825-1855): strengthening of the state bureacracy, privilegies for noble people • The III Department of the Chansellor: preliminary censorship = lack of modern newspapers • The Censorship Reform of 1826: standartisation and detalization of censorship • 1828 г. – the 3d Censorship Rules: short and clear formulations, simplification, division of religious and secular censorship • Emergence of numerous departments with censorship obligations - Ministry of Education, Foreign Office, the Tsar Court, etc.

11. History of Censorship: Further Steps • Alexander the II (1855-1881): reforms as a reaction to crisis in economy and social policy • 1865 г.: abolition of peasantry registration and the start of capitalism in Russia • The required condition - media development, creation of basis for the newspaper market • But: until 1870 only 12 Russian cities had private newspapers, the rest were owned by municipal auithorities • Lack of technologies: undeveloped postal distribution

12. Reforms in Russian Society • Mid of the XIXth century: heavy political control over daily press, high role of official publications (‘St Peterbourgskiye Vedomosti’, ‘Moskovskiye Vedomosty’, ‘Severnaya pchela’, ‘Rysskyi invalid’) • 1856-1857: growth in number of political dailies (55 new), lesser censorship pressures (poet Tyutchev as Chairman of foreign censorship committee) • 1863: the Interior Ministry took the control over the system of censorship • April 6, 1865 – Temporary censorship rules, the subsequent censorship • Since September, 1865, newspapers in St-Petersbourg and Moscow were published without censorship

13. Russian Press in the Period of Economic Growth • Alexander the III (1881-1894): development of industry, urbanization, increase in the level of education, emergence of middle calss intellectuals, • Rise in number of periodicals: 1880 – 482 titles; 1895 – 841 titles • Minister Pobedonostsev: Professionalization of censorship, support for loyal publications including boulevard press and dissemination of false news • Development of publishing houses producing pocket books as economic basis for mass press (Souvorin, Marx, Sytin) • Repressions for unloyal newspapers: economic pressures (prohibition of retail and advertising)

14. Last Years of Empire • Nikolas the II (1894-1917) • The beginning of the ХХ century – ‘Silver Age’ of Russian press: growth in number of dailies, emergence of popular press, development of book printing • Struggle for press freedom: revolution of 1905 – 1907 • 17.10.1905: The Imperial Decree (a set of individual freedoms including that of conciousness, speech, press, meetings, etc.) • 1907: Temporary Rules on Publications: limitations of freedoms • But in 1907-1917: economic growth of Russian press (advertising)