1 / 34

Caloric Restriction and Longevity

Caloric Restriction and Longevity. Lisa Cui, Tin Wing ( Faneu ) Liu, Ayumi Tsurushita November 8, 2011. Outline. Introduction Mouse studies of caloric restriction Human studies of caloric restriction Cautions of caloric restriction Conclusion. Introduction.

carys
Download Presentation

Caloric Restriction and Longevity

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Caloric Restriction and Longevity Lisa Cui, Tin Wing (Faneu) Liu, Ayumi Tsurushita November 8, 2011

  2. Outline • Introduction • Mouse studies of caloric restriction • Human studies of caloric restriction • Cautions of caloric restriction • Conclusion

  3. Introduction • Caloric restriction (CR)– generally defined as 20-40 % of ad libitum consumption with adequate nutrients • First study on mice was done in the 1930s by McCay et al • Showed an increase in mean and maximal lifespan • Other proposed benefits: • Decreased CVD risk, later onset of chronic disease, decreased oxidative damage

  4. Hypothesis of the Mechanism of CR • Decreased energy expenditure • Decreased body weight • Decreased oxidative stress/free radicals • Hormesis - low levels of stress have positive, potentially life- extending effects

  5. Rodents Study by Sohal et al. • Oxidative Damage during aging and in response to food restriction in the mouse • Oxidative Damage: • Inherent inadequacy of antioxidant defenses • Oxidative stress: imbalance between oxidant fluxes and antioxidant defenses • Aim: to test the relevance and validity of oxidative stress hypothesis of aging in life span extension by CR

  6. Rodent Study by Sohal et al. • Study Design • 59 mice aged 9, 16 or 23 months • Ad libitum (AL) fed mice and CR (40% lower in calories) fed mice • Obtaining data of reduced protein oxidation, O2- and H2O2 production in the brain, heart, and kidney.

  7. Rodent Study by Sohal et al. • Results: • CR rats exhibited a 43% extension in average life span • Mitochondrial oxidants production increases with age = biomarkers of aging • Protein Oxidative Damage is associated with aging process • CR lessens the damage

  8. Rodents Study by Masoro et al. • Effect of CR on Age-associated Diseases • Male ad lib. Rats and CR rats (60% intake) • Common problem with increasing age in male mice: Chronic Nephropathy • Ad lib. –fed rats had more kidney lesions • DR rats were much older at the time of death than the ad. lib-rats • Decrease the contribution of pituitary adenoma to death

  9. Rodents Studies by Masoro et al. • The reduction of dietary energy intake but NOT a specific dietary component is responsible for the anti-ageing action of CR.

  10. Summary of results of rodent studies • Increase in mean and maximal lifespan • Decrease in oxidative damage • Later onset of kidney disease Photo Credit rats image by Olga Barbakadze from Fotolia.com

  11. Human Studies PubMed • Biosphere 2 • CALERIE studies • Epidemiological Study of population in Okinawa

  12. Biosphere 2 • Completely closed, self-sustaining ecological system • Subjects: Four women and four men from the ages 27 to 42 years, and one aged 67 years Biosphere 2 in Oracle, Arizona

  13. Biosphere 2 • Study design: • Diet: • low-calorie (1750–2100 kcal/d) • vegetables, fruits, nuts, grains, and legumes, with small amounts of dairy, eggs, and meat • 12% calories from protein, 11% from fat, and 77% from complex carbohydrates • daily vitamin and multivitamin supplements. • Blood samples were drawn from the eight crew members to monitor biological markers.

  14. Biosphere 2 • Results: • Decrease in BMI of the men decreased by 19%, and the BMI of the women by 13%. • Decrease in fasting blood sugar decreased by 21% • Decrease in fasting insulin by 42% • Decrease in cholesterol by 30%. • Decline in LDL:HDL rati

  15. Biosphere 2 • Strength of the study: • Length (2 years) • Subjects were human • Calorie closely monitored, and caloric restriction maintained • Weakness of the study: • Small sample size • No control group • Other confounding variables such as the daily physical exercise

  16. CALERIE Study 1 • Effect of 6-Month Calorie Restriction on Biomarkers of Longevity, Metabolic Adaptation, and Oxidative Stress in Overweight Individuals • 6 months of calorie restriction • Randomized controlled trial of healthy, sedentary men and women (N=48)

  17. CALERIE Study • Result: • reduced weight, fat mass, fasting serum insulin levels, and core body temperature in caloric restriction groups • calorie restriction results in a decline in DNA damage • No strong evidence for reduced oxidative damage

  18. CALERIE Study • Calorie restriction or exercise: effects on coronaryheart disease risk factors. A randomized, controlledtrial • Length: 1-yr • Randomized, controlled trial in middle- aged lean and overweight men and women • Group 1: 20% increase in energy expenditure alone • Group 2: 20% decrease in energy intake alone on metabolic risk factor

  19. Result: • improves CHD risk profile • loss of 10% of body weight. • reduced triacylglycerol • reduced LDL-C • favorable changes in blood pressure

  20. CALERIE study • Improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin action induced by increasing energy expenditure or decreasing energy intake: a randomized controlled trial • Sedentary men and women aged 50 – 60 y with a body mass index (kg/m2 ) of 23.5–29.9 were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 weight- loss interventions [12 mo of exercise training (EX group; n = 18) or calorie restriction (CR group; n =18)] or to a healthy lifestyle (HL) control group (n =10). • decrease calorie intake by 16% during the first 3 mo and by 20% during the remaining 9 mo. • improves glucose tolerance and insulin action

  21. Result: • improves glucose tolerance • Insulin sensitivity

  22. Summary of Human Studies • reduced weight, fat mass, fasting serum insulin levels, and core body temperature in caloric restriction groups • calorie restriction results in a decline in DNA damage • No strong evidence for reduced oxidative damage • improves CHD risk profile (TG, LDL-C, BP) • loss of 10% of body weight. • improves glucose tolerance • Insulin sensitivity

  23. Epidemiological study of the Okinawa population • Life expectancy • 86.0 years for Okinawan women • 77.6 years for Okinawan men • Caloric restriction due to • traditional Okinawa diet is low in calories but nutritionally dense • a result of periodic crop failures and marginal food supply that occurred post WWII until the 1960s

  24. Epidemiological study of the Okinawa population • Low incidence of • CHD • Lymphoma,prostate cancer, breast cancer, and colon cancer are remarkably low in age-matched Okinawans versus other Japanese and Americans • life-long low BMI • extended mean and maximum life span

  25. Cautions Regarding Calorie Restriction • Bone Loss and Bone Fracture • Decreased Aerobic Capacity • Changes in immune function Menopause and low estrogen can cause bone loss…but usually it’s much slower and less severe

  26. CR Induces Bone Loss and Bone Fracture? • Pennington Comprehensive Assessment of Long-Term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE) Research Team • Subject: young, overweight individuals • Duration: 6 month • Result: 2 of the 3 biomarkers for longevity—fasting insulin concentrations and core body temperature—were reduced with CR • Possible mechanism: significant reductions in fasting concentrations triiodothyronine and leptin

  27. Reduction in Bone Mineral Density • Washington CALERIE Study • Subject: middle-aged, non-obese adults aged 50 through 60 • Duration: 12 months • Results: reduction in bone mineral density (BMD) (approximately 1.5% overall) at the lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck, and intertrochater was correlated to weight loss in the CR group

  28. Decreased Aerobic Capacity • Washington University School of Medicine CALERIE • Subject: Healthy 50 to 60 year old nonobese men and women • Duration: 12 months of CR • Results: significant reductions in absolute thigh muscle mass, knee flexor strength, and VO2max, whereasasimilar1-yr energy deficit induced by exercise completely preserves thigh muscle massand strengthandimprovesVO2max.

  29. Don’t Like Bone Loss and Decreased Aerobic Capacity? • Changes in bone mass and/or turnover are less pronounced when the same energy deficit is achieved by combining CR with structured aerobic exercise • Aerobic classes (step dancing) • Treadmills • Exercise bicycles • Ski machines • Air gliders • Jogging

  30. Conclusion • There are both benefits and cautions to prolonged caloric restriction • CR may be improved if combined with exercise • Long term studies are necessary to assess relationship between caloric restriction and aging

  31. Reference • Heilbronn, L. K., de Jonge, L., Frisard, M. I., DeLany, J. P., Larson-Meyer, D. E., Rood, J., et al. (2006). Effect of 6-month calorie restriction on biomarkers of longevity, metabolic adaptation, and oxidative stress in overweight individuals: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association, 295(13), 1539-1548. • Lefevre, M., Redman, L. M., Heilbronn, L. K., Smith, J. V., Martin, C. K., Rood, J. C., et al. (2009). Caloric restriction alone and with exercise improves CVD risk in healthy non-obese individuals. Atherosclerosis, 203(1), 206-213. • Masoro, E. J. (1995). McCay's hypothesis: Undernutrition and longevity. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 54(3), 657-664. • Sohal, R. S.; Ku, H. H.; Agarwal, S.; Forster, M. J.; Lal, H. Oxidative damage, mitochondrial oxidant generation and anti- oxidant defense during aging and in response to food restriction in the mouse. Mech. Ageing Dev. 74:121-133; 1994.

  32. Reference • Trepanowski, J. F., Canale, R. E., Marshall, K. E., Kabir, M. M., & Bloomer, R. J. (2011). Impact of caloric and dietary restriction regimens on markers of health and longevity in humans and animals: A summary of available findings. Nutrition Journal, 10, 107. • Villareal, D. T., Fontana, L., Weiss, E. P., Racette, S. B., Steger-May, K., Schechtman, K. B., et al. (2006). Bone mineral density response to caloric restriction-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(22), 2502-2510. • Walford, R. L., Mock, D., Verdery, R., & MacCallum, T. (2002). Calorie restriction in biosphere 2: Alterations in physiologic, hematologic, hormonal, and biochemical parameters in humans restricted for a 2-year period. The Journals of Gerontology.Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 57(6), B211-24. • Weiss, E. P., Racette, S. B., Villareal, D. T., Fontana, L., Steger-May, K., Schechtman, K. B., et al. (2007). Lower extremity muscle size and strength and aerobic capacity decrease with caloric restriction but not with exercise-induced weight loss. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985), 102(2), 634-640. • Willcox, B. J., Willcox, D. C., Todoriki, H., Fujiyoshi, A., Yano, K., He, Q., et al. (2007). Caloric restriction, the traditional okinawan diet, and healthy aging: The diet of the world's longest-lived people and its potential impact on morbidity and life span. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1114, 434-455.

More Related