Principles of Learning (Chapter 7)

1. Principles of Learning (Chapter 7)

2. Conditioning

3. Classical Conditioning Where associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral (learned) stimulus.

4. Watch it! http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/pavlov/pavlov.html

5. CC Vocab Stimulus- something that elicits a response Response- reaction to a stimulus Unconditioned Stimulus- stimulus that naturally elicits a response Unconditioned Response- automatic, natural response to a stimulus Conditioned Stimulus- a previously neutral stimulus that is now associated with a natural response Conditioned Response- a learned response to a stimulus

7. Classical Conditioning

8. Emotional Conditioning • Example: Loud noise automatically elicits the response of a fast heart-rate. • Little Albert, the white rat, and a loud noise.

9. Little Albert– BANG!!!!!

10. EC Vocab • Stimulus Generalization: Process of a response spreading from one stimuli to another which resembles the first • Extinction: Gradual loss of association between stimuli and response • Spontaneous Recovery: Sudden, unexplained reappearance of an extinguished response

11. Operant Conditioning

12. Operant Conditioning Conditioning that results from individual’s actions and the consequences they cause.

13. Operant Conditioning Voluntary Response Reinforcement Repeat Voluntary Response Lift extra weights at practice: Score winning touchdown: Go back and lift more

14. Reinforcements • Primary Reinforcement: Something necessary for psychological or physical survival that is used as a reward • Secondary Reinforcement: Anything that comes to represent a primary reinforcer (winning)

15. Reinforcements • Positive Reinforcement: A reinforcement that strengthens a response by following it with the addition of something positive. • Negative Reinforcement: A reinforcement that strengthens a response by following it the removal of something unpleasant

16. Positive/ Negative Reinforcement • Skinner’s Box

18. Punishment • Punishment and Negative Reinforcement are DIFFERENT. • Punishment is the process of weakening a response by following it with unpleasant consequences. • What was the most effective punishment you ever received?

19. Think about it: • People continue to perform certain behaviors mainly b/c of the reinforcements they receive. • Choose 3 of your behaviors & identify the reinforcers (school, home, appearance etc) • Bad habits also persist b/c of reinforcements. • What are 2 of your bad habits….identify the reinforcers

20. Extinguishing Bad Habits: which would be most effective? • Remove, avoid, delay reinforcement • Find a new behavior to get that reinforcement. • Narrow or avoid the stimuli (or cues) that precedes the habit. • Break the chain. • Monitor the bad habit. • P. 208 of textbook

21. SHAPING-- Using approximate (or “almost”) movements until you’ve achieved the desired actionexample: dog jumping thru a hoop

22. Chaining– reinforcing each step of “shaped” movement or behavior • Example: Learning the steps to a dance

23. Schedules of Reinforcement • Continuous Reinforcement– reinforcement given each time a behavior occurs • Schedules of Reinforcement—different methods of reinforcing • Partial Reinforcement Schedule—reinforcement not given each time a behavior occurs • Variable Ratio Schedule • Fixed Ratio Schedule • Variable Interval • Fixed Interval

24. Variable Ratio Schedule • reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed a specific but variable number of times.

25. Fixed Ratio Schedule– • reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed a fixed number of times.

26. Variable Interval Schedule– • reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performed following a variable amount of time.

27. Fixed Interval Schedule. • – reinforcement occurs after a desired act is performedfollowing a fixed amount of time

28. Identify which schedule is being used and whether it is the ratio or interval version. • a. The "pay out" of money on the slot/poker machines/"one armed bandits" on which         people gamble at casinos. b. Every time Antonio, a student with autism, says his name and address when prompted             to do so by the teacher, he is given his favorite reinforcement; a raison. c. A man continues to use the same old pick up lines in the bar even though he is rejected             by almost every woman who hears it.

29. d. Tasha, a young woman with moderate developmental problems,  is given a "credit" (equal to $1) for every 100 labels she glues to bottles in the sheltered workshop setting. e. A teacher ignores Tim's "calling out" of the answers almost every time. f. A bell goes off at random times in the classroom.  Tina is rewarded if she is "on task".

30. Do now: • Devise an example for each version of each schedule. .

31. Classical v. Operant

32. Social Learning: Albert Bandura Learning from the behaviors of others

34. Observational Learning • A form of social learning where an organism observes and imitates the behavior of others • This would be the argument against spanking.

35. Cognitive Psychology & Learning • Cognitive Approach: The study of learning that emphasizes abstract mental processes and previous knowledge.

36. CA Vocab • Latent Learning: Learning that is not obvious but takes place under the surface • Expectancies: Beliefs about our abilities to perform an action and get the desired reward • Reinforcement Value: The preference of one type of reinforcement over another (Mumford & sons tickets vs. Jay-Z/Timberlake, you will work harder for the one you like) • Cognitive Map: A mental image of where one is located in space • Strategies: Methods for solving problems

37. Latent Learning

38. Expectancies

39. Reinforcement Value Which one do you want more?

40. Cognitive Map • Try to draw map to scale (w/o are ruler) • In the center of the paper, draw where you live. • Pick two places approximately the same distance away from your home. One to the right, one to the left. • One place should be a place you LOVE • One place should be someplace you DISLIKE • Draw a map of the streets from your home to each of these places

41. Strategies • PROBLEM: Get the number 4 ANSWERS: 2+2 or 4-2

42. Review • Classical Learning: Learning by Association • Operant Conditioning: Learning through Reinforcements • Social Learning: Learning by observing and imitating • Cognitive Learning: Learning through mental processes I am terrified of rodents!! Use each one of these ways to explain why I might be.

43. Answers: • Classical: A firecracker went off every time a rat was brought into my room. My natural fear of loud noises transferred to the neutral rat turning the natural response into a conditioned response. • Operant: Every time my pet rat left the room, my mom gave me a popsicle • Social: I saw my parents fear of rats and adopted it • Cognitive: A rat bit me and the bite became infected. I realized rats were dirty and unsanitary.