Developing a measure of 'left behind' areas

1. Developing a measure of 'left behind' areas

2. Intro Summary of approach Defining the geographic unit of analysis The domains and indicators Combining the indicators to create a Community Needs Measure Spatial patterns of Community Need Identifying ‘left-behind’ areas Geographic location of ‘left-behind’ areas Key characteristics of ‘left-behind’ areas

3. Summary of approach Identify areas Identify domains and indicators Transform and combine the indicators to produce a Community Needs Score Combine the Community Needs Score with the Index of Multiple deprivation to get an overall measure of ‘left behind areas’

4. Stage 1: Define the geographic unit of analysis

5. Criteria for selecting areas Neighbourhood focus Possible to link to socioeconomic data Sufficient size Homogenous in size Meaningful and recognisable to people living in them

6. The case for wards Neighbourhood focus Possible to link to socioeconomic data Sufficient size Homogenous in size Meaningful and recognisable to people living in them

7. Other possible approaches Migration flows Commuting flows Local Authority defined neighbourhoods Community defined neighbourhoods

8. Stage 2: Identify domains and indicators

9. Domains

10. Selecting indicators Full national coverage and collected on a consistent basis Sufficient granularity in order to make meaningful comparisons between community areas Up-to-date Non-disclosive and open Domain-relevant Sufficiently statistically robust to be included in a measure intended for use in resource allocation.

11. Stage 2a: Indicators

12. Community Asset indicators

13. Funding indicators

14. Infrastructure indicators

15. People and Participation indicators (part 1)

16. People and Participation indicators (part 2)

17. People and Participation indicators (part 3)

18. Stage 3: Combing the indicators to produce a Community Needs Score

19. Converting indicators to ward geography

20. Ensure all pointing in the right direction

21. Approaches to producing Community Needs Score Method 1a) Equal Weightings per indicator, domains standardised to normal distributions Method 1b) Equal Weightings per indicator, domains exponentially transformed Method 2a) Weightings determined by Factor analysis, domains standardised to normal distributions Method 2b) Weightings determined by Factor analysis, domains exponentially transformed

22. Approaches to producing Community Needs Score Method 1a) Equal Weightings per indicator, domains standardised to normal distributions Method 1b) Equal Weightings per indicator, domains exponentially transformed Method 2a) Weightings determined by Factor analysis, domains standardised to normal distributions Method 2b) Weightings determined by Factor analysis, domains exponentially transformed

23. Community Needs Score

24. Map produced by Local Insight

25. 20 areas with the highest levels of Community Need

26. 20 areas with the lowest levels of Community Need

27. Community Need vs Brexit

28. Identifying 'left behind' areas

29. Combining Community Needs and Deprivation Option 1) Areas are 'left behind' if they are ranked among the most deprived 10% of Wards in England on both the Community Needs measures and the Index of Multiple Deprivation Option 2)  Areas are 'left behind' if they are ranked among the most deprived 20% of Wards in England on both the Community Needs measures and the Index of Multiple Deprivation Option 3) Create a combined 'left behind communities' score as IMD Score + Community Score (standardised). Identify communities as left behind if they fall under the most deprived 10% on this measure.

30. Combining Community Needs and Deprivation Option 1) Areas are 'left behind' if they are ranked among the most deprived 10% of Wards in England on both the Community Needs measures and the Index of Multiple Deprivation Option 2)  Areas are 'left behind' if they are ranked among the most deprived 20% of Wards in England on both the Community Needs measures and the Index of Multiple Deprivation Option 3) Create a combined 'left behind communities' score as IMD Score + Community Score (standardised). Identify communities as left behind if they fall under the most deprived 10% on this measure.

31. Location of 'left behind' areas • This section explores where the 'left behind' areas are located with maps produced for each region in England

32. Maps produced by Local Insight

33. Local Authorities with three or more left-behind areas

34. Characteristics of 'left behind' areas

35. ‘Left behind' areas in the North East are concentrated in former mining communities and fringe areas in Teesside The map on this page shows the location of 'left behind' areas in the North East region. There are 16 wards in the North East classified as 'left behind', this represents 4.7% of the wards in the North East. The highest concentrations are found in former mining communities around County Durham – Easington, Peterlee, Shildon Stanley and Newton Aycliffe and around the periphery of larger towns in the region, including outlying housing estates in Sunderland, Middlesbrough, Stockton, Redcar and Hartlepool. Maps produced by Local Insight

36. ‘Left behind' areas in the North West are concentrated in the outlying areas of Greater Manchester and Merseyside, with additional concentrations in the fringes of Lancashire mill towns There are 31 wards in the North West classified as 'left behind' (the greatest number of any region), this represents 3.4% of the wards in the North West. The highest concentrations are found in around the two largest conurbations in the region – Greater Manchester and Merseyside. In Greater Manchester, the 'left behind' areas are clustered in outlying housing estates surrounding the city and its satellite towns including Harpurhey, Langley, Callander Square, Leigh, Moses Gate, Greenheys, Breightmet and Hattersley. There are also concentrations around Liverpool in neighbourhoods including Speke and Norris Green as well as concentrations in smaller towns in the metropolitan area Runcorn, Kirkby, St Helens, Widnes, Skelmersdale, Wigan and Blackburn and Burnley further north. Maps produced by Local Insight

37. ‘Left behind' areas in Yorkshire and the Humber are concentrated in outlying estates in the larger cities and towns There are 25 wards in Yorkshire and the Humber region classified as 'left behind', this represents 5.3% of the wards in Yorkshire and the Humber (the highest percentage of any region). The highest concentrations are found in the metropolitan Local Authorities of South and West Yorkshire including around Doncaster, Barnsley, Knottingley, Castleford, Maltby, and the outlying estates of the larger cities, Holme Wood (Bradford), Belle Isle (Leeds) and Bransholme (Hull). Maps produced by Local Insight

38. ‘Left behind' areas in the East Midlands are concentrated away from the cities, in some of the larger towns throughout the region There are 17 wards in the East Midlands classified as 'left behind', this represents 2.0% of the wards in the East Midlands. There are no strong geographic concentrations of 'left behind' areas, with areas found in each of the counties. However, there are no 'left behind' areas in any of the four cities in the region (Nottingham, Leicester, Derby and Lincoln). By contrast, the highest concentrations are found in the major towns in Derbyshire (Chesterfield), Nottinghamshire (Mansfield, Sutton-in-Ashfield, Worksop) Lincolnshire (Grantham, Boston, Skegness) and Northamptonshire (Northampton, Corby, Kettering and Wellingborough). Maps produced by Local Insight

39. ‘Left behind' areas in the West Midlands are concentrated in the outlying housing estates in the largest towns and cities There are 27 wards in the West Midlands classified as 'left behind', this represents 3.6% of the wards in the West Midlands. In contrast, to the East Midlands, the majority of 'left behind' areas in the West Midlands are located in the largest urban areas in the region with the highest numbers to be found in and around Birmingham. The highest concentrations in the area are in East Birmingham (Lea Hall/Shard end) and around South West Birmingham (Kings Norton). 'left behind' areas are also present in the other large urban areas in the region: Coventry, Stoke-on-Trent, Wolverhampton, Sandwell, Telford and Worcester. By contrast, there were no 'left behind' areas in small towns or rural areas in the region. Maps produced by Local Insight

40. ‘Left behind' areas in the East region are concentrated in seaside towns and the Thames Gateway There are 19 wards in the East classified as 'left behind', this represents 1.8% of the wards in the East region. ‘Left behind' areas in the region are concentrated away from the major towns and cities in two principle locations – the East coast – in the seaside resorts of Great Yarmouth, Jaywick, Walton on the Naze and Clacton; and in the Thames gateway in Basildon and Thurrock (Grays/Tilbury). There are also notable concentrations in the Fenland town of Wisbech in North Cambridgeshire. Maps produced by Local Insight

41. ‘Left behind' areas in the South East region are clustered in the North Kent coast and around the fringes of Portsmouth There are 13 wards in the South East classified as 'left behind', this represents 0.9% of the wards in the South East. ‘Left behind' areas are concentrated around the North Kent coast (Dartford, Chatham, Isle of Sheppey, Margate and Ramsgate) and around the fringes of Portsmouth (North Havant, Paulsgrove and Gosport - Rowner). Maps produced by Local Insight

42. London and the South West regions have only one ward each identified as 'left behind’ The 'left behind' community is located in Gooshays on the outskirts of Romford in the borough of Havering. There is also only one ward in the South West region identified as 'left behind' – Littlemoor on the outskirts of Weymouth Maps produced by Local Insight

43. Population and demographics • This section explores the population characteristics of 'left behind' areas and how they differ to other areas across England

44. ‘Left behind' areas have a relatively youthful population compared to other deprived areas and England… Source: Mid-Year Estimates (ONS) 2017 Chart produced by Local Insight

45. …with the population growing at a slower rate than across similarly deprived areas Source: Mid-Year Estimates (ONS) 2017 Charts produced by Local Insight

46. People living in 'left behind' areas are slightly less likely to be from ethnic minority groups than the national average… Source: Census 2011 Source: Census 2011 Tables and charts produced by Local Insight

47. More than one-third (37%) of households with children in 'left behind' areas are headed by a lone parent – notably above the national average Proportion of households headed by lone parent Household composition Source: Census 2011 Source: Census 2011 Maps and charts produced by Local Insight

48. Housing • This section looks into key housing trends in 'left behind' areas compared to other areas across England

49. More than half of people living in 'left behind' areas live in rented accommodation . Source: Census 2011 Chart produced by Local Insight

50. Labour market and skills • Exploring economic drivers within 'left behind' areas compared to other areas across England