Archaebacteria

1. Archaebacteria By: Jessica M., Hannah, Ransom, and Cole

2. Vocabulary • Kingdom Monera- a taxonomic kingdom of prokaryotic organisms that typically reproduce by asexual budding or fission and have a nutritional mode of absorption, photosynthesis, or chemosynthesis, comprising the bacteria, blue-green algae, and various primitive pathogens. • Organelle- a part of a cell that is specialized to perform a certain function • Binary fission- a method of asexual reproduction in which a cell copies its genetic material before splitting into two identical cells. This is the most common method of prokaryotic reproduction • Homeostasis-the tendency of a system, especially the physiological system of higher animals, to maintain internal stability, owing to the coordinated response of its parts to any situation or stimulus that would tend to disturb its normal condition or function. • Flagellum-a long, lashlike appendage serving as an organ of locomotion in protozoa, sperm cells, etc.

3. Overview of Archaebacteria •Bacteriaare single-celled organelles with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles •Bacteria can be found in any environment on Earth •Archaebacteriahave specific traits that set them apart from other types of bacteria: • They do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls • They have lipids that are structurally diverse • Often thrive in extreme environments (i.e. places with high salt concentrations, places with high heat) • Are able to create and use energy from sources such as hydrogen gas •Used to be considered a part of the kingdom Monera- this kingdom was separated into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria in the 1970s

4. Halobacteriumsalinarum • This species of archaebacteria is rod-shaped or cylindrical • It reproduces using prokaryotic binary fission • It’s known for its ability to thrive in environments with extreme salt concentration • It’s ability to survive in this type of environment is enabled by the excess of ions, salts, and other amino acids that help the organism to maintain osmotic equilibrium • Halobacteriumsalinarumfare best in temperatures of 37-42°C (98.6-107.6°F) • This organism can produce energy in three different ways: • By fermentation • By use of a proton pump • By using gas vesicles to carry the organism to the top of a solution to enable it to receive oxygen and light • Halobacteriumsalinarumserve as the primary food source for many filter feeders • NASA has been studying this species due to its incredible capability to repair its own DNA; scientists believe that the ability to repair damaged strands of DNA is an adaptation to allow this bacteria to thrive in areas with a high salt concentration (i.e. the Dead Sea) where the salt would normally dehydrate the cell and cause the double-helix shape of the DNA to unravel

5. Grown in a lab Haloferaxvolcanii • This species thrives in extreme saline environments • It is uni-cellular, prokaryotic, and has no cell wall. • This species uses a salt in method to maintain homeostasis. Also, they typically have a large number of charged residues on the exterior section of the protein and very hydrophobic residues which form a core • It is it’s own source of ATP/it’s an autotroph • It’s role is pretty uncertain, but because of it’s ability to maintain homeostasis with the salt around it, it is believed that it could be an important part of advancements in biotechnology • It reproduces asexually through binary fission • Under ideal growth conditions, the time it takes for it to double is around 4 hours • ? #6 • Interesting fact: The conditions that Haloferaxvolcaniican survive in are very similar to that found on the Martian surface (high salt and high radiation). So, it is being evaluated as a model organism to test the survivability of Earth-native extremophiles on the surface of Mars.

6. Methanococcoidesburtonii • Is a methylotrophicmethanogenicarchaeon that was discovered in Ace Lake, Antarctica and its type strain is DSM 6242 • Unicellular • Prokaryotic • Have cell walls made up of pseudomurein • Have flagellum that propel themselves • Lack internal membranes • Rod-shaped • Autotrophs • Produce methane gas as a waste • Live under extreme conditions • Can only function under aerobic conditions • Reproduce asexually • All archaebacteria are anerobic, prokaryotic, and convert hydrogen and co2 into methane Occur singly or in pairs • Thermally regulated

7. Methanobrevibactersmithii • Methanobrevibactersmithii are unicellular archaebacteria, and they are prokaryotic as they do not contain a nucleus . Archaebacteria does have a cell wall. The cell wall is a proteinase K- resistant cell wall. • Microbes M. Smithii colons encode enzymes that help digest complex dietary polysaccharides and proteins. This process of prevents build up H2 in the human gut and improves the efficiency of microbial fermentation, which is what M.Smithii is responsible for • It is heterotrophic, as it get its energy from a different source. It breaks down carbon dioxide with hydrogen to create methanol. This job is preformed inside the colons of most vertebrae, marshes, and in lake sediments. It does move. This archaebacteria does not have any symbionic relationships with any other species. • Reproduces asexually • Our kingdom, Archaebacteria, has many special traits that separate it from other kingdoms. These traits are: They live in the most extreme environments, many can only survive without oxygen, cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan, have unusual lipids in their cell walls. • People who have a higher amount of it have been proven to suffer from bad breath and obesity. Since more methane gas is produced, your body mass index becomes higher. The bad breath comes into play due to the methane traveling out of the body through the mouth.

8. Citations • Archaea - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). <i></i>. Retrieved , from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea • Arrington, D. (n.d.). Halophiles: Definition, Examples & Classification | Education Portal. Education Portal. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/halophiles-definition- examples-classification.html#lesson • Grewal, E. (n.d.). Information about Halobacteria. Baliga Lab at Institute for Systems Biology. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from http://baliga.systemsbiology.net/hs2013/halobacteriainfo • Halobacteriumsalinarum - overview. (n.d.). Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from https://www.biochem.mpg.de/522218/Org_Hasal • Halobacteriumsalinarum. (2014, April 14). Wikipedia. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobacterium_salinarum • Haloferaxvolcanii. (n.d.). microbewiki.kenyon.edu. Retrieved January 1, 2014, from https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Haloferax_volcanii • Haloferaxvolcanii. (n.d.). wikipedia.org. Retrieved January 1, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloferax_volcanii • Halophile. (n.d.). Princeton University. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Halophile.html • M. Smithii Breath Test Linked to Human Fat Accumulation. (2013, March 26). spacerobots.com. Retrieved April 16, 2014, from https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Methanobrevibacter_Smithii • Ma, Y., Galinski, E., Grant, W., Oren, A., & Ventosa, A. (2010, September 3). DIVERSITY OF HALOPHILES— CULTURED AND UNCULTURED. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2976238/ • MethanobrevibacterSmithii. (2011, October 24). microbewiki.kenyon.edu. Retrieved April 16, 2014, from https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Methanobrevibacter_Smithii • Methanococcoidesburtonii - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). . Retrieved , from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanococcoides_burtonii • Methanogen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). . Retrieved , from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanogen • Monera. (n.d.). Dictionary.com. Retrieved April 17, 2014, from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/monera