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Plant Structure and Function: Cell, Tissues, and Organs

Learn about the structure and function of plant cells, different types of plant tissues, and the organs they form. Explore the roles of roots, stems, leaves, and their specialized structures. Understand the processes of translocation, transpiration, and hormone regulation in plants.

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Plant Structure and Function: Cell, Tissues, and Organs

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  1. Unit 7Chapter 23Plant Structure and Function

  2. Typical plant cell

  3. Plant Tissues • 1) Dermal Tissue • For covering and protection, and controlling water loss • Examples: epidermis, including cuticle of leaves, guard cells & stomata

  4. Plant Tissues • 2) Vascular tissue • For transport of food, minerals and water • Examples: • Xylem (for transporting upward from roots) • Phloem (for transporting downward from leaves) Phloem Xylem

  5. Plant Tissues • 3) Ground tissue • For storage, food production, strengthening and support • Examples: cortex, pith, mesophyll cortex pith

  6. Plant Tissues Apical Meristem of Shoot • 4) Meristematic tissue • For production of new cells • Examples: growing tips in roots and stems (shoots)

  7. Roots • To anchor, absorb, and conduct • Types of root systems: • 1) taproot • One main root with branches • Ex: carrot • 2) fibrous • Many small branching roots • Ex: grass

  8. Root Structure • 1) Root cap • Protective covering of root tip • 2) Apical Meristem • Region of cell division (where mitosis occurs)

  9. Root Structure cortex • 3) Epidermis • May contain root hairs for increasing surface area • 4) Cortex • Ground tissue for storage of food and water

  10. Root Structure • 5) Endodermis • Waterproof cells that control flow of water into vascular tissue • 6) Pericycle • Produces lateral roots

  11. Root Structure • 7) Xylem (star-shaped center) • Transports water upward • 8) Phloem(between rays of star) • Transport food downward

  12. Stems • To support, conduct, and store • Arrangement of Vascular Bundles: • Monocots • Randomly scattered • Dicots • Radially arranged Can you classify these stems?

  13. Woody stems • Bark • Composed of cork, phloem, & vascular cambium • Wood • Composed entirely of xylem tissue • Contains annual growth rings • Pith(young stems) Pith

  14. Pith

  15. Translocation • The movement of sugars through the phloem, from the source (origin) to the sink (storage area, such as root or fruit)

  16. Leaves • For photosynthesis and transpiration • 1) Blade (flat green portion) • Simple • One undivided blade • Compound • Blade divided into leaflets • 2) Petiole (stalk) • Contains vascular tissue, attaches to stem

  17. Leaf structure • 3) Epidermis • Upper epidermis produces waxy cuticle to prevent water loss • Lower epidermis contains guard cells & stomata to control water loss cuticle

  18. 4) Mesophyll Photosynthetic tissue made up of palisade & spongy cells 5) Veins Contains xylem & phloem cells Leaf structure

  19. Transpiration • Evaporation of water through stomata • Plants lose 90% of the water they transport from the roots by transpiration. What happens to the other 10%? • When water enters the guard cells, pressure causes them to bow, opening the stoma • When water leaves the guard cells, pressure is lost and the cells come together, closing the stoma

  20. Plant hormones • Like animals, plants produce hormones to regulate growth & development • Hormones are chemicals produced in one part and transported to another to effect a change • Examples of plant hormones are Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinins, & Ethylene (Without) (With) Gibberellin

  21. Tropic responses in plants • Tropism is a plant’s response toward a stimulus, such as gravity (gravitropism), light (phototropism) or touch (thigmotropism) • Ex: phototropism is the growth of a plant toward light

  22. Nastic responses in plants • Nastic movements are NOT dependent on the direction of the stimulus • For example: in a Venus’s fly-trap, the insect triggers sensitive hairs on the surface and the leaf snaps shut

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