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Chapter 29 – Accessibility

Chapter 29 – Accessibility. Outline 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Web Accessibility 29.3 Web Accessibility Initiative 29.4 Providing Alternatives for Images 29.5 Maximizing Readability by Focusing on Structure 29.6 Accessibility in XHTML Tables 29.7 Accessibility in XHTML Frames

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Chapter 29 – Accessibility

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  1. Chapter 29 – Accessibility Outline 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Web Accessibility 29.3 Web Accessibility Initiative 29.4 Providing Alternatives for Images 29.5 Maximizing Readability by Focusing on Structure 29.6 Accessibility in XHTML Tables 29.7 Accessibility in XHTML Frames 29.8 Accessibility in XML 29.9 Accessibility in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) 29.10 Testing the Accessibility of an XHTML Document 29.11 Using Voice Synthesis and Recognition with VoiceXML 29.12 CallXML 29.13 JAWS for Windows 29.14 Other Accessibility Tools

  2. Chapter 29 – Accessibility 29.15 Accessibility in Microsoft Windows 2000 and XP 29.15.1 Tools for People with Visual Impairments 29.15.2 Tools for People with Hearing Impairments 29.15.3 Tools for Users Who Have Difficulty Using the Keyboard 29.15.4 Microsoft Narrator 29.15.5 Microsoft On-Screen Keyboard 29.15.6 Accessibility Features in Microsoft Internet Explorer 29.16 Accessibility in Macromedia Products 29.16.1 Dreamweaver 29.16.2 Flash 29.17 Web Resources

  3. Objectives • In this lesson, you will learn: • To introduce the World Wide Web Consortium’s Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 (WCAG 1.0). • To understand how to use the alt attribute of the img element to describe images to people with visual impairments, mobile-Web-device users, search engines, etc. • To understand how to make XHTML tables more accessible to screen reader applications. • To understand how to verify that XHTML tags are used properly and to ensure that Web pages are viewable on any type of display or reader. • To understand how VoiceXML and CallXML are changing the way people with disabilities access information on the Web. • To introduce the various accessibility aids offered in Windows 2000, Windows XP, Macromedia Dreamweaver and Macromedia Flash.

  4. 29.1  Introduction • Web Accessibility Initiative

  5. 29.2  Web Accessibility • Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) • Voice activation • Visual enhancers • Auditory aids

  6. 29.2  Web Accessibility

  7. 29.3  Web Accessibility Initiative • Accessibility • Usability of an application or Web site by people with disability • Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 1.0 • Priority-one checkpoints • Goals that must be met to ensure accessibility • Priority-two checkpoints • Not essential, highly recommended • Priority-three checkpoints • Slightly improve accessibility • Quick tips

  8. 29.4  Providing Alternatives for Images • alt attribute • Text equivalent of each item • longdesc attribute • Augment alt attribute’s description • D-link • Provides descriptive text about graphs and charts • Emacspeak • Translate text to voice data

  9. 29.5  Maximizing Readability by Focusing on Structure • Readability • h1 elements used to divide content into sections, not for emphasis • Gunning Fog Index • Formula that produces readability grade when applied to text sample

  10. 29.6  Accessibility in XHTML Tables • Linearized reading • Top to bottom, left to right • Use CSS instead of tables

  11. withoutheaders.html(1 of 3)

  12. withoutheaders.html(2 of 3)

  13. withoutheaders.html(3 of 3)

  14. withheader.html(1 of 3)

  15. withheader.html(2 of 3)

  16. withheader.html(3 of 3)

  17. 29.7  Accessibility in XHTML Frames • Frames often lack proper descriptions in title element • CSS as an alternative

  18. 29.8  Accessibility in XML • XML Guidelines • Include text description for each nontext object on page

  19. 29.9  Accessibility in Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) • Aural style sheets • Specify properties of voice • Volume • Pitch • Pause • Stress

  20. 29.10  Testing the Accessibility of an XHTML Document • Bobby ( bobby.watchfire.com ) • Tests XHTML documents for accessibility

  21. 29.10  Testing the Accessibility of an XHTML Document

  22. 29.11  Using Voice Synthesis and Recognition with VoiceXML • VoiceXML • Enables computers to speak to users • Element form • Presents information and gathers data • Element menu • Provides users with options and transfers control • Element link • Create an active link to home page • Attribute next • URI navigated to when link is selected • Element grammar • Marks up text user must speak to select link • Element prompt • Instruct user to make a selection • Attribute count • Maintains number of times a prompt is spoken

  23. main.vxml(1 of 4)

  24. main.vxml(2 of 4)

  25. main.vxml(3 of 4)

  26. main.vxml(4 of 4)

  27. publications.vxml(1 of 5)

  28. publications.vxml(2 of 5)

  29. publications.vxml(3 of 5)

  30. publications.vxml(4 of 5)

  31. publications.vxml(5 of 5)

  32. 29.11  Using Voice Synthesis and Recognition with VoiceXML

  33. 29.12  CallXML • A technology created and supported by Voxeo • Text-to-speech (TTS) engine • callXML tags • maxDigits attribute • Maximum number of digits application can accept • termDigits attribute • List of characters terminate user input • maxTime attribute • Maximum amount of time to wait for a user response • onMaxSilence event handler • Invoked when the maxTime expires • onTermDigit event handler • Notifies application action to perform when termDigits selected • <onHangup /> event handler • Terminates telephone call when users hangs up

  34. hello.xml(1 of 1)

  35. isbn.xml(1 of 3)

  36. isbn.xml(2 of 3)

  37. isbn.xml(3 of 3)

  38. 29.12  CallXML

  39. 29.12  CallXML

  40. 29.13  JAWS for Windows • Job Access with Sound • Screen reader

  41. 29.14  Other Accessibility Tools • Braille keyboard • Ocularis • EagleEyes • Translates eye movements into mouse movements

  42. 29.15  Accessibility in Microsoft Windows 2000 and XP • Accessibility Wizard

  43. 29.15  Accessibility in Microsoft Windows 2000 and XP Fig. 29.11 Text Size dialog.

  44. 29.15  Accessibility in Microsoft Windows 2000 and XP Fig. 29.12 Display Settings dialog.

  45. 29.15.1 Tools for People with Visual Impairments • Large icons • Color scheme • Resize screen elements

  46. 29.15.1 Tools for People with Visual Impairments Fig. 29.13 Accessibility Wizard initialization options.

  47. 29.15.1 Tools for People with Visual Impairments Fig. 29.14 Scroll Bar and Window Border Size dialog.

  48. 29.15.1 Tools for People with Visual Impairments Fig. 29.15 Setting up window element sizes.

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