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Tim Bynum School of Criminal Justice Michigan State University

PSN: A Different Way of Doing Business. Core ThemesFocusing ResourcesProblems

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Tim Bynum School of Criminal Justice Michigan State University

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    1. Tim Bynum School of Criminal Justice Michigan State University

    2. PSN: A Different Way of Doing Business Core Themes Focusing Resources Problems – Not Just Cases Using Research to Help Guide Action Expanding the Boundaries of Involvement 9:15am – 9:25am Describe Training Goals  The goal of this training is to help sites set up a Project Safe Neighborhood Program in their area, (referred to as “PSN”) by: (a) providing information on the key elements of the PSN model (b) providing information, stories and “lessons learned” from the existing sites. The topics we cover will be the type of information you will need to include in your federal reports. Review Agenda for Two-Day Training This is a three-day training that will begin each morning at 9am and end around 5:00pm We will be covering several topic areas, divided into seven modules. They include the overview of Project Safe Neighborhoods, programs that set the foundation for PSN, partnerships and organizational structure, having research and data guide your project, developing strategic interventions, implementation and common tactics, and measuring results. Briefly describe each topic. Be sure everyone has an agenda in their participant materials. (continued on next page)9:15am – 9:25am Describe Training Goals  The goal of this training is to help sites set up a Project Safe Neighborhood Program in their area, (referred to as “PSN”) by: (a) providing information on the key elements of the PSN model (b) providing information, stories and “lessons learned” from the existing sites. The topics we cover will be the type of information you will need to include in your federal reports. Review Agenda for Two-Day Training This is a three-day training that will begin each morning at 9am and end around 5:00pm We will be covering several topic areas, divided into seven modules. They include the overview of Project Safe Neighborhoods, programs that set the foundation for PSN, partnerships and organizational structure, having research and data guide your project, developing strategic interventions, implementation and common tactics, and measuring results. Briefly describe each topic. Be sure everyone has an agenda in their participant materials. (continued on next page)

    3. Focusing Resources “There is strong research evidence that the more focused and specific the strategies of the police, the more they are tailored to the problems they seek to address, the more effective the police will be in controlling crime and disorder.” National Academy of Sciences, Fairness & Effectiveness in Policing, (2004: p. 5)

    4. Common Ingredients of Effective Implementation of PSN Strong and committed leadership Critical roles of the Champion and Shepard Effective partnerships Strategic focus Use of data to understand problem Monitoring of Progress – “pulse checks” Performance measures to assess impact

    5. PSN Builds Upon Project Exile (Richmond) Boston Gun Project (Ceasefire) Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI)

    6. Project Exile Increased federal prosecution for gun crimes Media campaign to communicate deterrence message Evidence of modest reduction in gun crime (Rosenfeld et al. 2005)

    7. Boston Gun Project Multi-agency team Problem analysis Focused intervention Lever-pulling strategy Threat federal prosecution Linkage to opportunities Evidence of reduced gun crime (Kennedy, Braga, et al.)

    8. SACSI 10 City initiative Multi-agency team Problem analysis Focused intervention Lever-pulling strategy Threat federal prosecution Linkage to opportunities Evidence of reduced gun crime – e.g., Indianapolis (McGarrell et al., 2006)

    9. PSN National Strategy to Reduce Gun Crime Strategic problem solving Collaborative partnerships Focused interventions Federal & local coordinated prosecution Increased federal prosecution Communication strategy Community Involvement Prevention, Intervention, Reentry Components

    10. PSN Implementation Study of initial implementation of PSN suggests that task forces fall into 3 general categories (based on extent of partnerships, targeted prosecution strategies, data driven decision making)

    11. Challenges of Assessing the Impact of PSN National, “full coverage,” program Uneven implementation Larger cities may offer treatment and comparison sites but may have both citywide and targeted program components Smaller and medium cities – may be no logical comparison site Variation in data availability (e.g., NIBRS vs. non-NIBRS; outputs/dosage measures)

    12. PSN Comprehensive Case Studies Criteria for selection: PSN strategy implemented in a “meaningful fashion” Evidence of implementation of PSN strategies Evidence of new & enhanced partnerships Integration of research partners & research-based strategies Strategies in operation long enough to have potentially affected gun crime Sufficient base rates of gun crime to allow assessment of impact Regional & demographic variation

    13. PSN Comprehensive Case Studies Essentially asking – is gun crime being addressed in new ways consistent with the principles of PSN and is there evidence of impact on levels of gun crime?

    14. Initial PSN Case Studies Middle District Alabama (Montgomery) – Project Exile Southern District Alabama (Mobile) – Project Exile District Massachusetts (Lowell) – Strategic Problem Solving Eastern District Missouri (St. Louis) - Strategic Problem Solving District Nebraska (Omaha) – Strategic Problem Solving Middle District of NC – Strategic Problem Solving

    15. Project Exile Model “Smart prosecution” (coordinated federal-local gun crime prosecution screening) Large increase federal prosecution of gun crime Significant media campaign Criminal justice focused (more narrow) but highly focused deterrence strategy

    16. PSN Case Studies – Initial Results Project Exile Model – MD AL (Montgomery) Montgomery witnessed significant decline homicide and gun assaults at a time property crime remained stable (time series)

    17. PSN Case Studies – Initial Results Project Exile Model – SD AL (Mobile) Mobile witnessed significant decline total gun crime & violent crime with a gun at a time property crime increased (time series) No change homicide Gunshot wound admissions to trauma center declined significantly

    18. Strategic Problem Solving Model Multi-agency team Strategic problem solving (integration of research) Increase federal prosecution or threat of federal prosecution Multiple strategies (examples) Smart prosecution Incident reviews Chronic violent offender programs Offender notification meetings Police-probation-parole home visits Community Focused Intervention Typically have included linkages to social services, neighborhood groups, private sector Focused deterrence coupled with coordinated services & partnerships beyond criminal justice

    19. PSN Case Studies – Initial Results Strategic Problem Solving Model – ED MO (St. Louis) Violent gun crime and homicide declined dramatically in target areas but also declined somewhat in contiguous and control areas Decline may be due to program impact that generalized beyond target area

    20. PSN Case Studies – Initial Results Strategic Problem Solving Model – D MA (Lowell) Gang focused lever pulling 28% reduction in gun assaults Statistically significant reduction and greater than that observed in other MA communities

    21. PSN Case Studies – Initial Results Strategic Problem Solving Model – D NE (Omaha) Monthly firearms offenses declined 20% after implementation PSN (time series) Property crime stable during same period

    22. PSN Case Studies – Initial Results Strategic Problem Solving Model – ND IL (Chicago) Statistically significant decline in homicides and gun crime in PSN target areas (30-36%) Reduction in PSN areas much greater than comparison areas and accounts for much of the city’s reduction (Papachristos, Meares, & Fagan)

    23. PSN Case Studies – Initial Results Strategic Problem Solving Model – ED CA (Stockton) Gang focused lever pulling strategy Monthly count of homicides in Stockton declined 35% Compared to a number of other CA cities, Stockton the only city to experience a significant decline during the intervention period (Braga, forthcoming)

    24. Summary - PSN Case Studies Boston, Indianapolis, Richmond (PSN “foundations”) all experienced statistically significant decline in homicides All five case study sites experienced a statistically significant decline in gun crime following implementation of PSN In four of the five sites, the decline in gun crime was greater than the comparison Additional sites (MDNC, NDIL, EDCA) all experienced a decline in incidents of gun violence

    25. PSN as Promising Practice

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