1 / 23

(CIVIL) AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE (An Overview)

(CIVIL) AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE (An Overview). Alan Carter Certification Programme Manager Aircraft Certification Department. Summary PAST…. A few notable steps Responsible Bodies Concept of ‘Type Certification’ Certification Code Development.

Download Presentation

(CIVIL) AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE (An Overview)

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. (CIVIL) AIRCRAFT CERTIFICATION PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE(An Overview) Alan Carter Certification Programme Manager Aircraft Certification Department

  2. Summary PAST… • A few notable steps • Responsible Bodies • Concept of ‘Type Certification’ • Certification Code Development

  3. Summary (cont)PRESENT… • Elements of Certification • Type Certification • Process • Certification Basis • Codes • Example Requirements • Compliance demonstration • Compliance ‘finding’ • Organisation Approval (Design & Production)

  4. Summary (cont)FUTURE… • (Likely/possible) regulatory developments

  5. PAST…. (i)Notable steps • 1783 H A Balloon de Rozier/D’Arlandes [& Gas Balloon Charles] • 1853? Glider; Cayley Cayley’s ‘assistant’ • 1903 Powered aeroplane; Flyer Wright • 1924 Gyrocopter; Cierva C6 • [1936 Helicopter; Focke-Achgelis FA-61Hanna Reitch]

  6. PAST… (ii)Responsible Bodies (UK) • [1909 Advisory Comm. for Aeronautics] • 1914 Aeronautical Insp. Dept. • 1919 Air Ministry (Dept of Civil Av.) • 1937 Air Registration Board (Civil) • 1972 Civil Aviation Authority • 1970 Joint Aviation Authorities (1970 UK,F,D,NL only) • 2003- European Aviation safety Agency

  7. PAST… (iii)Concept of ‘Type Certification’ • 1910s Self regulation • 1920s/30s Direct Air Ministry approval • 1937 (ARB) intro. of ‘Approved firms’ • 1945-6 First ‘type approvals’/AANs • [1944 Convention on Int. Civil Aviation (Chicago): 1949 Annex 8 ‘A/w of aircraft’, Pt.II Ch. 1 ’Type Certification’] • 1968 First UK TCs: (Beagle Pup & Slingsby T53)

  8. PAST… (iv)Type Certification Code development • 1926 AP 1208 ‘A/w Hnbk. for Civ. A/c (Air Ministry) • 1945 BCAR D ‘Des. & Constr.’ (ARB) • 1948- BCAR Sections • examples: D ‘Large Aeropl.’1948, C ‘Eng. & Prop’ 1949, G ‘Rotorcraft’ 1954, K, ‘Light Aeropl.’ 1966 (ARB) • 1969 TSS Standards (ARB & SGAC) • 1974 JAR-25 ‘Large Aeroplanes’ (JAA) • 2003 EASA Certification Specifications

  9. PRESENT… (i)Three related, required approvals • Type Certification (type design approval) • Design Organisation approval • Production Organisation approval

  10. PRESENT… (ii)TC: The elements of the process TYPE CERTIFICATION TYPE CERTIFICATION • Analyses • Structural Test • Flight Test • Flight Manual • etc.... • Analyses • Structural Test • Flight Test • Flight Manual • etc.... COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST COMPLIANCE CHECKLIST RE-WORK/RE-SUBMISSION RE-WORK/RE-SUBMISSION AA EVALUATION Agency EVALUATION SUBMISSION OF REPORTS SUBMISSION OF REPORTS CERTIFICATION BASIS CERTIFICATION BASIS APPLICATION APPLICATION

  11. PRESENT… (iii)The ‘Certification Basis’ • Mandatory Requirements [applicable cert code in place at time of TC application, e.g. JAR-25 at Change 16] • Reversions[Use of ‘older’ reqs.] • ‘Special Conditions’ (Novel design features [CCD], Unconventional use [Steep Appr.], General experience [HIRF]) • Exemptions[Non-applic. of req.] • ‘Equivalent Safety Findings’[Not specified AMC] • Environmental Standards[Noise & emissions] • Elect to Comply Requirements

  12. PRESENT… (iv)(Main) current Certification Codes • Aeroplanes: CS-25 (Large), 23 (Normal,Utility & Aerobatic/5700kg), VLA (Very Light/750kg), 22 (Sailplanes), BCAR S (Small Light/450kg) • Rotorcraft: CS-29 (Large), 27 (Small/3175kg), VLR (Very light/600kg), BCAR T (Light Gyroplanes/600kg) • Lighter than air: CS-31 (Balloons), CS-30 (Non-rigid airships) • Other: CS-E (Engines), P (Propellers), APU

  13. PRESENT… (v)Cert. Code layout & content • General • Flight (Perf., Contr.& Manoeuv., Trim, Stab., Stalls, Gnd.Hndl., Misc.) • Structure (Flt.Loads, Manoeuv./Gust cond., Contr.Surf.&Sys.Loads, Emer.Lndg.Loads, Fatigue) • Design & construction (Contr.Syst., Persnl.&Cargo Accom., Pressn., Fire Prot.) • Powerplant (Fuel Sys., Oil Sys., Contr.&Access.) • Equipment (Instrum., Elec.Syst., Safety Equip.) • Operating Limitations & information (AFM, ..)

  14. PRESENT… (vi)Example requirements:Factor of Safety’ (for the strength of the aircraft structure) • CS-VLA.613 & 619: … “probability of material being under strength is extremely remote” (for composites, x 1.5 if not tested ‘hot & wet’ & x 1.0 to 1.55 for production variability) • CS-31HB.25(b): … “at least x 5 for envelope design (x 2 if effective rip-stoppers)

  15. PRESENT… (vii)Example requirements (cont)(In-flight) Gust loads applied to aircraft • CS-23.333: …The aircraft is assumed to be subjected to symmetrical vertical gusts in level flight “… of 50 fps at Vc, 25 fps at Vd … • BCAR S.333: …No gust loads…

  16. PRESENT… (viii)Example requirements (cont)Seat & harness provision • CS-23.785(b): “… must consist of a seat, safety belt & shoulder harness, that is designed to protect the occupant … dynamic test conditions of 23.562 …” • CS-31HB.63: “… there must be handholds of adequate strength and number”

  17. PRESENT… (ix)Compliance demonstration (Your bit!) • ‘Load cases’/design cases • Analysis • Aerodynamic • Airframe loading • Systems safety (FMEA/SSA) • Test • Ground (Structural, func. & reliability, GVT) • Flight (Perf., handling, flutter)

  18. PRESENT… (x)Compliance demonstration (cont)‘Compliance checklist’

  19. PRESENT… (xiii)Compliance ‘finding’ (or ‘our bit’) • Why? • Independent check (on whether compliance achieved) • Legal ‘finding’ requirement • How? • Sample • Reliance (where appropriate) on organisation’s ‘approval’

  20. PRESENT… (xiv) Approval of Organisations • Industry has detail product knowledge/expertise • Authority/Agency has responsibility • The two are satisfied by: ‘approval’ (accreditation) to design (through a DOA) or produce (with a POA)

  21. PRESENT… (xv)Organisation Approval (DOA/POA) • Organisation must be able to: • Demonstrate competence in chosen fields • Comply with regulatory requirements • Carry out privileges assoc. with approval • Both initially & through continued auditing

  22. FUTURE… (iii)Regulatory developments • Features: EVS, SVS, smart structure/HUMS • Tilt Rotor: BA609, ‘Composite’ of CS-25/29 • Civil/military programmes: A400M • Civil UAVSs: CAP 722; TC (using existing codes), DOA, POA • Environmental; Alt. fuels, blended wing-body • Plus … Single ‘Worldwide’ certifications?

  23. Any other questions? Good luck!

More Related