Decolonization and Independence

1. Decolonization and Independence

2. Independence struggles, 1919-1960s Post World War I nationalisms Post world war colonial order British Commonwealth (1926) Colonial subjects and nationalist sentiment Post World War II colonial order Routes to independence: 1) negotiated independence 2) civil war 3) incomplete independence Post World War I nationalisms More colonial than ever; GB�s empire = 25% of world; search for alternative to colonial control Post world war II colonial order British Commonwealth (1926) = dominion status for white settler colonies (Canada, Aus, NZ); not Africa or India; argument = not ready for self-government Colonial subjects and nationalist sentiment Major proponents of nationalism = educated elites; differed on visions of future: liberalism vs. fascism vs. socialism vs. communism Movements also differed according to own specific histories of colonial encounters Post World War II colonial order War exhausted Eur powers; didn�t have energy to keep and maintain colonies; Brit esp interested in getting out; diff bet Brits and French (assimilation); Brits more pragmatic; domestic politics one reason Routes to independence: difference bet Asia and Africa; Asia went thru decol fist; during war nat�lism spread; many colonies occ by Japan and decol mvmts grew out of resistance to Japan (China, e.g.); Eur attitudes diff; Asian cultures seen as having culture and traditions prior to colonization (less racist) negotiated independence 2) civil war 3) incomplete independence Post World War I nationalisms More colonial than ever; GB�s empire = 25% of world; search for alternative to colonial control Post world war II colonial order British Commonwealth (1926) = dominion status for white settler colonies (Canada, Aus, NZ); not Africa or India; argument = not ready for self-government Colonial subjects and nationalist sentiment Major proponents of nationalism = educated elites; differed on visions of future: liberalism vs. fascism vs. socialism vs. communism Movements also differed according to own specific histories of colonial encounters Post World War II colonial order War exhausted Eur powers; didn�t have energy to keep and maintain colonies; Brit esp interested in getting out; diff bet Brits and French (assimilation); Brits more pragmatic; domestic politics one reason Routes to independence: difference bet Asia and Africa; Asia went thru decol fist; during war nat�lism spread; many colonies occ by Japan and decol mvmts grew out of resistance to Japan (China, e.g.); Eur attitudes diff; Asian cultures seen as having culture and traditions prior to colonization (less racist) negotiated independence 2) civil war 3) incomplete independence

3. Nationalist movements: India, 1915-1960s (Pattern 1: negotiated independence) Gandhi and satyagraha Amritsar massacre (1919) Boycott and swaraj Salt March internal divides Pakistan and partition post-independence challenges Gandhi and satyagraha Gandhi returned to India fr SA in 1915; dev philosophy of satyagraha = truth force � highlighted nonviolent resistance; rejected Western materialism; based on spirituality of eastern traditions; asceticism and simplicity. British wartime promises to move India toward self-govt not honored Amritsar massacre (1919) Crowd org by Congress to protest restrictions placed on civil rights (freedom of press restricted, suspects could be held and detained without cause); police fired and killed over 300 people, shortly after this first noncooperation movement launched. Boycott and swaraj Boycott of British goods, noncooperation, civil disobedience launched 1920; swaraj = self-rule Gandhi arrested and imprisoned for two years in 1920s Salt March 1930;against British monopoly on prod and taxation of salt; protest spread and lasted until 1934 Govt of India Act, 1935 = elected provincial legislatures; Birt controlled central admin; elections held in 1937; internal divisions internal divides Hindu-Muslim � [Congress decided to form provincial govts only made up of Congress members which cut out any role for Muslim League); beginnings of call for separate state; WWII lot of unrest; calls for independence Pakistan and partition Elections in 1946; Congress = united, secular state; Muslim League campaigned for est of Muslim state; Cong won general seats; League Muslim seats; communal violence ensued. British withdrew in Aug 1947 and Pakistan formed Gandhi and satyagraha Gandhi returned to India fr SA in 1915; dev philosophy of satyagraha = truth force � highlighted nonviolent resistance; rejected Western materialism; based on spirituality of eastern traditions; asceticism and simplicity. British wartime promises to move India toward self-govt not honored Amritsar massacre (1919) Crowd org by Congress to protest restrictions placed on civil rights (freedom of press restricted, suspects could be held and detained without cause); police fired and killed over 300 people, shortly after this first noncooperation movement launched. Boycott and swaraj Boycott of British goods, noncooperation, civil disobedience launched 1920; swaraj = self-rule Gandhi arrested and imprisoned for two years in 1920s Salt March 1930;against British monopoly on prod and taxation of salt; protest spread and lasted until 1934 Govt of India Act, 1935 = elected provincial legislatures; Birt controlled central admin; elections held in 1937; internal divisions internal divides Hindu-Muslim � [Congress decided to form provincial govts only made up of Congress members which cut out any role for Muslim League); beginnings of call for separate state; WWII lot of unrest; calls for independence Pakistan and partition Elections in 1946; Congress = united, secular state; Muslim League campaigned for est of Muslim state; Cong won general seats; League Muslim seats; communal violence ensued. British withdrew in Aug 1947 and Pakistan formed

4. Nationalist movements: China and the Communist Revolution(Pattern 2: civil war) 1911: end of the Qing: Sun Yat-sen and the Guomindang Party post World War I issues and May Fourth Movement and the 1920s Chiang Kai-shek Mao Zedong and the rise of the Communist Party