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2. Human Population Environmental Science Review #5

3. Is the human population growing exponentially or logistically? Exponentially

4. What factors have led to this exponential growth? Technological innovations, improved sanitation, better medical care, and increased agricultural output

5. What was British economist Thomas Malthus’ view on human population growth? He said the human population was growing too quickly to keep up with agricultural output.

6. What are some humanitarian concerns with our growing population? Increased famine, war, and disease

7. What are some factors which have helped reduce birth rates? Access to birth control; education; enhanced prosperity, and gender equality

8. Describe the Cornucopian view of population growth. Resource depletion as a consequence of human population growth is not a problem if new resources can be found to replace the depleted resources

9. How does national pride relate to population growth? Many people and governments believe that an increase in population increases a nation’s economy, political power, and military

10. Write an equation describing how population size, affluence, and technology relate to environmental impact. I=PxAxT Where I=impact, P=population size, A=affluence, and T=technology

11. Sometimes an “S” factor is added to this equation. What does this “S” stand for? Sensitivity; denotes how sensitive a given environment is to human pressures

12. True/False Many demographers believe humans will never reach carrying capacity. False; however the exact number of this carrying capacity is debatable

13. How have human populations increased their carrying capacities in the past? Better technology; developing agriculture and medicine, immigrating to new areas

14. The study of statistical changes in populations is called ______. Demography

15. What is the current human population? About 3.5 billion, as of 2017

16. What types of factors do demographers study? Population size, density, distribution, age structure, sex ratio, and rates of birth, death, immigration, and emigration

17. Would an age structure diagram with more young individuals than old individuals predict population growth or decline? Growth

18. Define the phrase “total fertility rate.” The average number of children born per woman during her lifetime

19. Define the phrase “replacement fertility rate.” The total fertility rate that keeps the size of the population stable

20. Define “life expectancy.” The average number of years than an individual in a particular age group is likely to continue to live.

21. Name and describe the first stage of the demographic transition. The pre-industrial stage; conditions in which both the birth and death rate are high

22. Provide examples of countries in the pre-industrial stage. Uganda, Afghanistan, Zambia

23. Name and describe the second step of the demographic transition. Transitional stage; death rates decline and birth rates remain high

24. Provide examples of countries that are in the transitional stage. Ghana; Guatemala; Iraq

25. Name and describe the third stage of the demographic transition. The industrial stage; employment opportunities, particularly for women, cause birth rate to fall

26. Name and describe the fourth stage of the demographic transition. The post-industrial stage; both birth rates and death rates have fallen to stable levels

27. Provide examples of countries in the post-industrial stage. Brazil, Germany, Japan

28. True/False Contraception is 100% effective at preventing pregnancy. False; but it does significantly reduce the chance of pregnancy Readily accessible birth control options increase population growth in communities. True

29. True/False • Affluent societies tend to show higher birth rates than poorer societies. False • Affluent societies tend to have larger per capita ecological footprints than poorer societies. True

30. Define “biocapacity.” The amount of biologically productive land and sea available to us

31. True/False Our global ecological footprint exceeds our biocapacity. True; we are exceeding our biocapacity by 50%

32. Define “demographic fatigue.” Overwhelming challenges related to population growth that make completing the demographic transition difficult

33. Provide an example of an area experiencing demographic fatigue. In sub-Saharan Africa, HIV/AIDS is undermining the ability of countries to transition to modern technologies because many of the youngest and most productive members of society are infected

34. How does the status of women effect population growth? When women have more rights and educational/employment opportunities, the birth rate tends to decrease.

35. Provide examples of how human population growth effects the environment. Increased habitat destruction, exploitation of resources, pollution, spread of invasive species, climate change due to industrialization etc.