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LCA & EcoDesign Projects in Thailand

LCA & EcoDesign Projects in Thailand. by Asst. Prof. Dr. Pomthong Malakul Asst. Prof. Dr. Thumrongrut Mungcharoen Cleaner Technology Advancement Program (CTAP) National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC) National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA).

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LCA & EcoDesign Projects in Thailand

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  1. LCA & EcoDesign Projects in Thailand by Asst. Prof. Dr. Pomthong Malakul Asst. Prof. Dr. Thumrongrut Mungcharoen Cleaner Technology Advancement Program (CTAP) National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC) National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA)

  2. หัวข้อบรรยาย • มาตรการด้านสิ่งแวดล้อม (WEEE, IPP, Etc.) • History and Review of LCA & EcoDesign • ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่าง LCA & EcoDesign • Green Concept in Thailand • LCA & EcoDesign Activities in Thailand • Trend and Future

  3. 1950 1972 1997 2050 Population (billion) 2.5 3.8 5.8 12.0 Megacities (>8million) 2 9 25 Food Production(cal/capita-day) 1980 2450 2770 Fish Catch (million tons/yr) 1.9 58.0 91.0 Water Use (km3/yr) 1300 2600 4200 Rainforest Cover(% of ‘50 level) 100 85 70 Elephants (million) 6.0 2.0 0.6 CO2 Emission (billion tons/yr) 1.6 4.9 7.0 Atmospheric CFC (ppb) -- 1.4 3.0 Ref: C.C.Chao, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan An Unsustainable Earth

  4. ข้อตกลงด้านการค้าและสิ่งแวดล้อมข้อตกลงด้านการค้าและสิ่งแวดล้อม • หลักการ/ความตกลงเกี่ยวกับการค้าและสิ่งแวดล้อมภายใต้ WTO (Non-Tariff Measures) • หลักการภายใต้ความตกลงGATT 1994 • ความตกลงรอบอุรุกวัย เช่น TBT, Subsidies, etc • ความตกลงพหุภาคีด้านสิ่งแวดล้อม(MEAs) • อนุสัญญา/พิธีสารด้านสิ่งแวดล้อม เช่นMontreal,Basel, Kyoto, etc. • มาตรการด้านสิ่งแวดล้อมของประเทศคู่ค้า โดยเฉพาะประเทศที่พัฒนาแล้ว เช่น EU, Japan, USA

  5. EU Environmental Policy Development 1967-2000 Source: www.euractiv.com

  6. EU Take-back Law อุตสาหกรรมเครื่องใช้ไฟฟ้า/อิเลคทรอนิคส์ (WEEE)หลักการ: Producer Responsibility (ผู้ผลิตและผู้นำเข้า รับผิดชอบ ซากของผลิตภัณฑ์ที่หมดอายุการใช้งาน) และ EU จะตั้งระบบ Separate, Collect, Reuse/recycle, Treatment • Oct 2540: Working paper on management of WEEE (EC DG XI) • Apr 2541: first version of EU directive on WEEE • July 2541: second draft of EU directive on WEEE • July, May, June 2543: third, fourth and final draft of EU directive on WEEE • Oct 2545: EU passed the WEEE & RoHS Directives • Jan 2546: EU commission passed both Directives with consensus vote • Feb 2546: Official declaration of both Directives • ****** Effective date of EU directive on WEEE & RoHS ******* • - Aug 2547: Each country member (EU) must issue the law according to the Directives • - Aug 2548:ผู้ผลิตและผู้นำเข้า รับผิดชอบ ซากของผลิตภัณฑ์ที่หมดอายุการใช้งาน • - July 2549:ใช้สารทดแทนPb, Hg, Cd, Cr6, Halogenated substance • (CFCs, PCBs, PVC)และBrominated flame retardant • - Dec 2549: Recycle / reuse rate50-75% ของน้ำหนักของผลิตภัณฑ์ ทิศทางในอนาคต

  7. (ร่าง) สมุดปกเขียวว่าด้วยนโยบายผลิตภัณฑ์ครบวงจร (Green Paper on Integrated Product Policy: IPP) • ริเริ่มโดย EU ปี 2540 • ผ่านประชาพิจารณ์ 30 Jun 2543 จะพัฒนาเป็น Directive ต่อไป 1) ขอบเขตของสินค้า: ครอบคลุมสินค้าทุกชนิด รวมทั้ง การบริการ 2) การใช้กลไกราคา: ช่วยสินค้าที่เป็นมิตรต่อสิ่งแวดล้อม • Low VAT for European Eco-label • นโยบายเงินอุดหนุนโดยรัฐเพื่อคุ้มครองสภาวะแวดล้อม • ภาษีพิเศษสำหรับการคุ้มครองสภาวะแวดล้อม • ให้ผู้ผลิตเป็นผู้รับภาระ (Take back law) • ใช้หลักผู้ก่อมลพิษเป็นผู้จ่าย (Polluter Pay Principle: PPP)

  8. สาระสำคัญของร่าง Green Paper on IPP (ต่อ) 3) กระตุ้นความต้องการ Eco-Product • มาตรการ Eco-label: ต้องติดฉลากให้ข้อมูลผู้บริโภค 4) การจัดซื้อภาครัฐ (Public Procurement) • EU จะจัดทำ Handbook on Green Public Procurement 5) มาตรการเกี่ยวกับผู้ผลิตสินค้า (Supply Side) • ให้ข้อมูลผลกระทบของสินค้าต่อสิ่งแวดล้อมตลอดช่วงวงจรอายุ • ทำฐานข้อมูล Life cycle inventories/ ทำขั้นตอน Life cycle analysis • ให้มีเครื่องมือสำหรับตรวจผลกระทบสิ่งแวดล้อมให้ผู้ผลิต SME • กำหนดระเบียบหรือส่งเสริมผู้ผลิตให้ข้อมูลสินค้าแก่ผู้บริโภค • กำหนดแนวทางการออกแบบสินค้าที่ไม่เป็นภัยต่อสิ่งแวดล้อม • EU จะกำหนดแนวทางส่งเสริม Ecodesign

  9. มาตรการด้านสิ่งแวดล้อมของEUมาตรการด้านสิ่งแวดล้อมของEU WEEE & RoHS Directive • หลักการสำคัญในการ • กำหนดนโยบายสิ่งแวดล้อม • Precautionary principle • Polluter pay • Producer responsibility Directive on design EEE EuP Directive สมุดปกเขียว IPP White paper on chemical ฯลฯ

  10. Japanese Recycling Law Four Products to be recycled (started from 2543): (Producer & Consumer’s Responsibility) • TV • Air Conditioner • Refrigerator • Washing Machine Recycle Society Manufacturers set up Recycling Facilities all over Japan

  11. History of LCA (1) Oil Crisis Toxicants Global themes Packaging Consumer goods auto parts recycling systems Energy 8-10 Emissions 20-30 Parameters over 500 Parameters (Ursula Tischner et al., 2000)

  12. History of LCA (2) • 1960s and 70s • Early energy analyses broadened to develop the Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis (REPA) - a quantitative methodology that formed the beginnings of life-cycle assessment (LCA). • 1980s • Little public interest in LCAs. However, work on product LCA methodologies and frameworks continued on a small scale. www.ec.gc.ca/ecocycle

  13. History of LCA (3) • 1990 to 1994 • Industry, government and academic interest in LCAs revived on an international scale. SETAC workshops were held to further develop LCA methodologies and practices. • Present • Life-cycle concepts are now being used, both in quantitative LCAs, and in design, policy and regulatory decision-making. www.ec.gc.ca/ecocycle

  14. วงจรชีวิตสินค้า -Product Life Cycle From cradle to grave • Impacts on • Human health • Ecosystems • Resources

  15. Life Cycle Assessment: LCA • Method to evaluate Industrial Products/Technologies/Service on the Life Cycle, from Cradle to Grave • Inventory Analysis Calculation of Emissions(Output) and Consumption of Resources(Input) • Impact Assessment Evaluation of the significance of potential environmental impacts • Depends on the goal and scope

  16. ISO-14040 Life cycle assessment framework Goal and scope definition interpretation Direct applications: -Product development and improvement -Strategic planning -Public policy making -Marketing -Other inventory analysis Impact assessment Phases of a LCA

  17. Strengths of LCA.. • Covers the whole life cycle • Calculates potential environmental impacts • Compare different I/O on the same scale (PE) • Better basis for prioritisation between environmental impacts at the “site” but also between stages in the product life cycle • Basis for Prod.- Oriented EMS • Basis for greener design (DfE) • Basis for Cleaner production (e.g. eco-labelling - type III) (Ursula Tischner et al., 2000)

  18. Weaknesses.. • Here and now assessment • Time consuming • Data are difficult to find • Studies are often difficult to interpret • Studies are often not transparent • Does not pay back here and now (Ursula Tischner et al., 2000)

  19. Introduction to EcoDesign • Product Designเป็นตัวบ่งชี้ที่สำคัญ เกี่ยวกับ ความสามารถในการแข่งขัน ของผู้ผลิต • National Research Council, USA: ประมาณการว่า 70% or more of the costs of product development, manufacture and useถูกกำหนดตั้งแต่ช่วงinitial design stages • Bad designนำไปสู่inefficient use ofresourcesและexcessive waste • Trade Barriersโดยใช้ประเด็นทางสิ่งแวดล้อมมีมาก(packaging / hazardous substances / product recyclability etc.)

  20. Better Resource Management Waste Prevention เป้าหมาย 2 อย่าง ของ EcoDesign พยายามให้ง่ายต่อ: Re-manufacturing รีไซเคิล การทำปุ๋ย/ ใช้ Energy recovering ลด : น้ำหนัก ความเป็นพิษ พลังงาน ยืด : อายุการใช้งาน

  21. Four types of EcoDesign Factor 20 type 4: system innovation type 3: concept innovation type 2: redesign innovation 10 type 1: product improvement Eco-efficiency improvement 5 2 Time (years) From paper to e-mail or “call a car” Information technology Examples: (Han Brezet, Delft University, NL 1997)

  22. before after (redesigned with EcoDesign concept) Example: EcoDesign of a HP Computer Workstation Savings • 70% housing parts • 95% screw joints • 50% assembly time • 90% disassembly time • 90% recyclable

  23. Dishwasher Example: Ecodesign of a dishwasher “If every dishwasher in current usein Australia was replaced by the new Dishlex Global 500, we could save approximately 10.5 billion litres of water - and 700,000 tonnes ofcarbon dioxide - per annum.” • Save energy consumption, by using only 256 kWh(Six-star energy rating) • Save water usage (less than 18 L for a full load) • Greater material efficiencies(7.5 Kg lighter than previous models) • Easier disassembly for end-of-life recycling Ref: CFD, RMIT

  24. ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างLCA & EcoDesign 4 stages of Process/ Product Improvement 1. Goal & Scope Definition.. 2. Inventory Analysis ……… 3. Impact Analysis ……….… 4. Improvement Analysis ……. Ecodesign LCA

  25. Integrating the life-cycle concept in the development process Development Pre-study Concept development Product development Market introduction New technology, Market needs, Ideas, Trends Research Life-Cycle Thinking & Screening: - Critical factors etc • Life-Cycle Assessment: • LCA on selected concepts • Documentation etc

  26. Applications of LCA Industry Eco-Design Marketing Eco-Products Improvement Type-III Process improvement (ex.Recycle process) Self assertion Comparative assertion LCA Env. Label Env. report EMS Env. administration(ex.Support for recycle) Env. education Consumption　　　　　　　　　　　（Consumer’s mind） Economic & Social Administration Green purchasing Society Dr.Inaba (July 2003)

  27. Green Concept in Thailand • 1990 CT Concept in Thai industry • 1996 CT Concept expanding in Education & Research • 1997 CT Concept in Other Sectors • 1997 LCA Concept • 1999 EcoDesign Concept

  28. LCA Situation in Thailand • Since 1997 • as a component of the ISO 14000 series • ISO 14040-14043 • 2002 : Thai LCA Forum • http://doi.eng.cmu.ac.th/Thailca

  29. Organization actively involved • Thailand Environment Institute (TEI) • CTAP/ MTEC, NSTDA • Cleaner Technology and Eco-design Research Unit, Kasetsart University (KU-CTED) • Other universities: CMU/ CU/ KMUTT/ …. • Government: PCD/ DIW/ …... • Industrial Related Org.: Electrical & Electronics Institute (EEI), Federal of Thai Industries (FTI) • Etc.

  30. Organization Amount of Papers/Projects Government MTEC 4 TRF 1 NGO TEI 6 University CU >5 KU >13 AIT >3 JGSEE >10 KMUTT >3 CMU >4 MU >1 LCA/EcoDesign Projects in Thailand

  31. Life Cycle Assessment Activities in TEI • LCI data for electricity grid mix in Thailand • LCI data for steel production in Thailand • LCA of audiocassette tapes for green productivity • LCA for electrical and electronic equipment • TV and Air-Conditioner • LCA for cement production in Thailand (on-going)

  32. LCA / EcoDesign Projects at KU LCA Activities in KU • Life Cycle Assessment of Power Generation Systems in Thailand using NETS Method • Life Cycle Assessment of Electric Grid Mix of Thailand • Life Cycle Assessment of Rotary Compressor • Comparison of Life Cycle Environmental Impact Assessment of Rotary Compressor between SimaPro 5.1 Program and Kabi 4.0 Program • Life Cycle Assessment of Domestic Refrigerator • Etc.

  33. LCA Activities in Other Universities • LCA of Commercially Cabinet Refrigerator (CMU, 2000) • LCA of Paperboard Packaging Produced in Medium-sized Factory in Thailand (AIT, 2000) • Comparison of Central and Individual Air-Conditioning Systems in a Life Cycle Perspective (AIT) • LCA of Paper Production (CU) • Etc.

  34. LCA & EcoDesign Activities of CTAP/MTEC

  35. On-going LCA / EcoDesign Projects (1) • GMTAP (Green Manufacturing Technical Assistance Program) Supported by Japanese Government under Green Aid Plan (GAP) (capacity building & pilot project) • Database Preparation for EcoDesign: Life cycle database of rotary compressor (In-house grant) • EcoDesign for Electrical and Electronic Equipment effected by WEEE Directive: Case Study of Room Air-conditioner (implemented by EEI/ TEI/ CTAP-NSTDA/ KU-CTED/ CU)

  36. On-going LCA / EcoDesign Projects (2) • Life Cycle Assessment of Refrigerator • Eco-Compressor: Design Development for Replacing Casting Materials With Sintering • LCA Roadmap

  37. Green Manufacturing Technical Assistance Program (GMTAP) Project Duration:5 Year (2002-2006) 1st Phase Under the 2002 GAP: Nov 2002 - Mar 2003 2nd Phase Under the 2003 GAP: ~Apr 2003 - Mar 2004 GMTAP Objective: To develop Thai competency on LCA and EcoDesign necessary for green manufacturing and design development of Thai industries through technology transfer from Japan.

  38. Database Preparation for EcoDesign: Life Cycle Database of Rotary Compressor Supporting Agency: MTEC/NSTDA Period: 21 July 2003 – 21 Jan 2005 Objectives: - To establish inventory databases for production of rotary compressor in Thailand - To assess the environmental impact - To identify the possible options for improvement

  39. EcoDesign for Electrical and Electronic Equipment effected by WEEE Directive: Case Study of Room Air-conditioner (implemented by EEI/ TEI/ CTAP-NSTDA/ KU-CTED/ CU) Supporting Agency: The Foreign Trade Thailand / Ministry of Commerce Period: March 2003 – Sep 2003 Objectives: - To study the design and improvement of an electrical & electronic equipment by using Economic and ecological design (or EcoDesign) concept to make it comply with WEEE directive

  40. Life Cycle Assessment of Refrigerator • Supporting Agency: MTEC/NSTDA • Period: December 2003 – May 2005 • Objectives: • Environmental assessment of the refrigerator by using Life Cycle Assessment • Identify the potentials for improvement in the product so that, together with the environmental assessment of the reference product, a basis can be formed for points of focus • Establish life cycle inventory databases for production of some materials of Thailand such as plastics

  41. Eco-compressor: Design Development for Replacing Casting Materials With Sintering • Supporting Agency: MTEC / NSTDA • Period: ~April 2004 – March 2005 • Objectives • To improve design of compressor parts by changing materials from cast iron to sintering steel • To compare environmental impacts of a conventional & a new prototype of compressor with LCA • To evaluate performance of the new prototype by running a trial test in a refrigerator

  42. CONTACT : • Asst. Prof. Dr. Pomthong Malakul • Director • Cleaner Technology Advancement Program • National Metal and Materials Technology Center • National Science and Technology Development Agency • Tel: (662) 644-8150-80 ext. 434 • Fax: (662) 644-8077 • E-mail: pomthong@mtec.or.th

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