Javanese and the Languages of Java Belong to the Pro-Drop Languages

1. Javanese and the Languages of Java Belong to the Pro-Drop Languages

2. Javanese and the Languages of Java Belong to the Pro-Drop Languages INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE LANGUAGES OF JAVA – ISLOJ SEMARANG HOTEL GRAHA SANTIKA, SEMARANG, 15-16 AUGUST 2007 Endang S. Soemartono endasay@yahoo.co.uk Indraprasta University PGRI, Jakarta

3. TWO TYPES OF LANGUAGES IN THE WORLD: PRO-DROP LANGUAGES have relative freedom in omitting their subjects COOL LANGUAGES languages with empty pronouns pronouns can be omitted from a cool language DISCOURSE-ORIENTED LANGUAGES TYPE topic is deleted because it can be inferred from the preceding sentence. CHINESE, JAPANESE, ITALIAN NON PRO-DROP LANGUAGES have strict restriction in omitting their subjects HOT LANGUAGES pronouns cannot be omitted from grammatical sentences from a hot language like English SENTENCE-ORIENTED LANGUAGES TYPE non-zero topic languages ENGLISH, GERMAN, DUTCH

4. According to Jaegli and Safir (1989) null or empty subjects or subjectless sentences are permitted in all and only languages with morphologically uniform inflectional paradigms. languages have either complex paradigms like Italian or none of them are complex but they are uniform like Chinese.

5. comparison of the different morphological forms of the present tense of the verbs English Spanish Italian Irish Chinese Indonesian st pers sing I speak hab-lo parl-o labh-rann shuo bicara 2nd pers sing you speak hab-las parl-i labh-rann shuo bicara 3rd pers sing he/she/it speaks habl-a parl-a labh-rann shuo bicara 1st pers pl we speak habl-amos parl-iamo labh-rann shuo bicara 2nd pers pl you speak habl-ais parll-ate labh-rann shuo bicara 3rd pers pl they speak habl-an parl-ano labh-rann shuo bicara 2 forms 6 forms 6 forms 1 form 1 form 1 form Spanish and Italian have different endings for each of the six parts of the paradigm, they are all morphologically complex. Irish has the same present tense ending –rann Chinese has no different endings they are not morphologically complex they are morphologically uniform. Spanish, Italian, Irish and Chinese are also pro-drop languages because they have morphologically uniform paradigms English has –s only for the third person singular is not morphologically uniform because it has mixed morphology and thus it is a non pro-drop language Indonesian, like Chinese, is not morphologically complex but it is morphologically uniform -

6. Javanese and the Languages of Java such asSundanese and Madurese and even outside Java such as Balinese and the Sasak language of Lombok are like Indonesian, they are not morphologically complex they are morphologically uniform. they belong to the same family of Javanese: the same three language levels: the coarse, the middle and the refined, the similarity of syntax They, therefore, may be included in the Pro-Drop languages.

7. To prove that they can be included in the Pro-Drop languages they’d betterl be put in Huang’s test case Huang’s test case Speaker A: Did John see Bill yesterday? Speaker B: a. Yes, he saw him. b. *Yes, e saw him. c. *Yes, e saw e. d. *Yes, I guess e saw e. e. *Yes, John said e saw e. * = grammaticality e = null or empty or missing JAVANESE (Coarse) Speaker A: Apa John wis ketemu Bill wingi? Speaker B: a. Iya de’e wis ketemu de’e. b. Iya, e ketemu de’e. c. Iya, e ketemu e. d. Iya, dak kira e ketemu e. e. Iya, John kanda e ketemu e. (Middle) Speaker A: Napa John panggih/sumerep Bill wingi? Speaker B: a. Nggih/Enggih, piyamba’e panggih/sumerep piyamba’e. b. Nggih/Enggih, e panggih/sumerep piyamba’e. c. Nggih/Enggih, e panggih/sumerep e. d. Nggih/Enggih, kula kinten e panggih/sumerep e. e. Nggih/ Enggih, sanjange/criyose John e panggih/sumerep e. (Refined) Speaker A: Punapa John kepanggih/sumerep Bill kala wingi? Speaker B: a. Inggih, piyamba’ipun kepanggih/sumerep piyamba’ipun. b. Inggih, e kepanggih/sumerep piyamba’ipun. c. Inggih, e kepanggih/sumerep e. d. Inggih, kula/dalem kinten e kepanggih/sumerep e. e. Inggih, (Pak/Mas) John ngendika e kepanggih/sumerep e.

8. SUNDANESE (Coarse) Speaker A: Si John nempo’ si Bill heunteu’? Speaker B: a. Nya’/Enya’, manehne nempo’ si Bill. b. Nya’/Enya’ e nempo’ si Bill. c. Nya’/Enya’ e nempo’ e. d. Nya’/Enya’ meureun. e. Nya’/Enya’ ceu’ si John e nempo’ si e. Nya’/Enya’ ceu’ si John e nempo’ e. (Middle/Refined) Speaker A: Si John ningali si Bill anjeuna? Speaker B: a. Sumuhun, anjeuna e ningali si Bill. b. Sumuhun, e ningali e. c. Sumuhun, panginten e ningali e. d. Sumuhun, saurna si John si Bill. e. Sumuhun, manteuna e ningali e. Sumuhun, manteuna e. Sumuhun, e panginteun e. Sumuhun, saurna e. MADURESE (Coarse) Speaker A: Apa John atemoh bi’ Bill be’en? Speaker B: a. Iyeh, John atemoh bi’ Bill be’en. b. Iyeh, abe’en atemoh bi’ Bill be’en. c. Iyeh, e atemoh bi’ Bill be’en. d. Iyeh, e atemoh e. e. Iyeh, ngara e atemoh e. f. Iyeh, John ngoca’ e atemoh e. (Middle/Refined) Speaker A: Punapa John apang’gi Bill beuri’? Speaker B: a. Eng’gi abeu’en apang’gi Bill beuri’. b. Eng’gi, e apang’gi bi’ abe’en beuri’. c. Eng’gi, e apang’gi e. d. Eng’gi, punten/kadie’ e apang’gi e. e. Eng’gi, John ade’bu e apang’gi e.

9. BALINESE (Coarse) Speaker A: John (me)tepuk Bill sing ibi? Speaker B: a. Ao, iye tepuk iye. b. Ao, e tepuk iye. c. Ao, e tepuk e. d. Ao, ulesne e tepuk e. (Middle/Refined) Speaker A: Napi John sampun manggihin/nginya’in Bill ibi? Speaker B: a. Inggih, ipun sampun nginya’in Bill. b. Inggih, ipun sampun e nginya’in e. c. Inggih, e sampun e. d. Inggih, ipun nyinap e nginya’in e. e. Inggih, John mejantos e nginya’in e. SASAK (Coarse) Speaker A: Ape John bedait Bill rubin? Speaker B: a. Ye, iye/John bedait Bill rubin. b. Ye, e bedait si iye. c. Ye, e bedait e. d. Ye, kire kire e bedait e. e. Ye, iye menurutne e bedait e. (Middle) Speaker A: Ape John panggih Bill rubin? Speaker B: a. Nggih, John panggih Bill rubin. b. Nggih, e panggih Bill. c. Nggih, e panggih e. d. Nggih, e panggih e. e. Nggih, menurut John e panggih e.

10. MATUR SANGET NUWUN