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Livestock Nutrition Essentials: Understanding Nutrients, Ruminants, and Feeding Methods

Explore the world of livestock nutrition, from essential nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals to the unique digestive system of ruminants. Learn about feeding methods, balancing rations, and the importance of additives in livestock diets.

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Livestock Nutrition Essentials: Understanding Nutrients, Ruminants, and Feeding Methods

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  1. Animal Digestion Chapter #2

  2. What are Nutrients? • parts of food which provide for growth, maintenance, body functions • Carbohydrates (CHO) • Fats • Proteins • Vitamins • Minerals • Water

  3. What is a Ruminant? • Animals with more than one stomach • Chew their cud (re-chew food) • Cows, sheep, goats • Cows have four stomachs • Alf has eight stomachs

  4. Why don’t cattle need as much B vitamins? • Microorganisms in the stomach of the cow make their own B vitamins • Can also make some proteins if given the right kind of Nitrogen

  5. NonRuminants • Foragers: Horse, rabbit • NonForagers: pig, poultry

  6. How much to feed? • Depends on function of animal • Pregnant, Lactating, Working, Growing • How often to feed Depends on stomach size & rate of metabolism Stomach size is relavant to amount of feed fed Mink = 4-6 times/day, Cows = 1-2 /day

  7. What foods give energy? • Carbohydrates (starch & cellulose) & Fats • Fat = 2 1/2 times energy of CHO • Energy is major part of a feed ration • Up to 90% of a ration for a steer • Measured in Kilocalories or TDN (Total Digestible Nutrients)

  8. What are Proteins? • Used to build muscle, body tissue • Made of amino acids • Ruminants can make some proteins • Simple Stomachs need specific amino acids

  9. What are Minerals? • Natural elements which regulate certain body functions • Na, Ca, P, Fe, Cu, K, Mn, Mg, Zn, Mo, Se, I, Co • Most are trace minerals

  10. What are vitamins? • Compounds responsible for certain functions • Fat Soluable = A, D, E, K • Water Soluable = B, C

  11. What are additives? • Antibiotics: disease prevention • Coccidiostats: control parasites • Xanthophyll: makes egg yolks yellow • Hormones: increase growth • Tranquilizers: calm nerves (cattle, turkeys) • Antioxidants: prevent feed from getting rancid • Pellet Binders: keep in pellet form • Flavoring Agents: make taste better

  12. Livestock Feeding • Roughage = high fiber, low energy • Concentrate = low fiber, high energy

  13. How is a ration balanced? • Pearson square: balance a ration using any two ingredients for one nutrient • How much Soybean Meal (44% Protein) should be mixed with Barley (13% Protein) to get a mixture that is 16% protein?

  14. Pearson Square

  15. Pearson Square • Soybean Meal = 3 parts • Barley = 28 parts • Total Parts = 31 • Soybean Meal = 3/31 or 10% • Barley = 28/31 or 90% • If mixing a ton (2000#) SBM = 200#, Barley = 1800#

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