Social Dimensions of Sustainable Development, Part2

Social Dimensions of Sustainable Development, Part2 Kazi F. Jalal Ph.D. Harvard University Extension School 04/11/2010

Reading assignment:235-257Optional readings: 1) Handbook on resettlement: Asian Development Bank; 2)Social Exclusion: Amartiya Sen • 5. Gender and Development (continued) • 6. Involuntary Resettlement • 7.Indigeneous Peoples • 8. Social Exclusion • 9. Social Analysis

World Bank’s Policy on Gender and Development • No longer treat women as a special target group of beneficiaries. • Integrate gender issues in mainstream activities. • Recognize that investing in women is central to sustainable development. • Expand enrollment of girls in school. • Expand women’s participation in the labor force, especially in the soft sectors. • Provide special financial services such as microcredit to women. • Improve women’s health by increasing allocation in health and family planning. • Build institutional and legal capacity to deal with gender issues.

6.Involuntary Resettlement

Involuntary Resettlementis a process of resettlement of people who have no option but to give up their assets in favor of a project that serves the interest of a broader community

General Principles of Involuntary Resettlement Policy • Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where possible • Where population displacement is unavoidable, it should be minimized by exploring all viable project options • People unavoidably displaced should be compensated and assisted, so that their economic and social future would be generally as favorable as it would have been in the absence of the project. Source: ADB, 1998

General Principles of Involuntary Resettlement Policy • People affected should be fully consulted on resettlement and compensation options • Existing social and cultural institutions of resettlers and their hosts should be supported and used to the greatest extent possible, and resettlers should be integrated economically and socially into host communities. Source: ADB, 1998

General Principles of Involuntary Resettlement Policy • The absence of a formal legal title to land by some affected groups should not be a bar to compensation; particular attention should be paid to households headed by women and other vulnerable groups, such as indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities • As far as possible, involuntary resettlement should be conceived and executed as an integral part of any project. Source: ADB, 1998

General Principles of Involuntary Resettlement Policy -The full costs of resettlement and compensation should be included in the presentation of project costs and incorporated into the project budget. Such costs include: - resettlement plan preparation; cash compensation; relocation and transfer; income restoration; and administrative costs - An IR Plan should be prepared and implemented whenever there is a significant resettlement involved Source: ADB, 1998

Resettlement in Different Project Types Source: ADB, 1998

Resettlement Plan Outline • Scope of land acquisition and resettlement • Socioeconomic information • Objectives, policy frameworks and entitlements • Consultation and grievance redress • Relocation of housing and settlements • Income restoration strategy • Costing & financing plan

7.Indigenous Peoples (IP)** Janet Chernela (2003):The right of IP: International Instruments, American Anthropological Association

Indigenous Peoples (IPs) • Cultural minorities • Ethnic minorities • Natives • Tribals • Aboriginals • First peoples • Autochthons

Characteristics Of Indigenous Peoples • Descent from population groups present in given areas before the existence of modern states or territories • Maintenance of cultural, social identities different from mainstream population • Maintenance of distinct institutional and/or legal framework Source: ADB, 1999

Characteristics Of Indigenous Peoples • Self identification and identification by others as being part of a distinct or ancient, cultural group • Linguistic identity different from that of dominant society • Unique ties to traditional habitats and ancestral domain • Living in remote areas Source: ADB, 1999

International Laws and Agreements Concerning the Indigenous Peoples • The United Nations “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” (1948) • ILO Convention (#107) on Indigenous and Tribal Populations (1957) • ILO Convention(#169) on Indigenous Peoples in Independent Countries (1989) • Agenda 21 adopted by the United Nations (1992) • Convention on Biodiversity (1992) Source: ADB, 1999

International laws and agreements concerning Ips (contd.) • Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (1993); • UN proclaimed 1993 as the Year of Ips • UN/ECOSOC(2000) : Established a Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues • International Agreement on Fair Trading System for IPs, Cancun, Mexico (2003)

Indigenous Peoples (IP) Policy • Consistent with the needs and aspirations of affected indigenous peoples • Compatible in substance and structure with affected IPs and with their culture and socioeconomic institutions • Conceived, planned, and implemented with the informed participation of affected communities • Equitable in terms of development efforts and impact • Not imposing the negative effects of development on indigenous peoples without appropriate and acceptable compensation. Source: ADB, 1999

8. Social Exclusion

Social Exclusion: In 1974, French philosopher Rene Lenoir used this term to refer to a tenth of France’s population who were: “mentally and physically handicapped, suicidal people, aged invalids, abused children, substance abusers, delinquents, single parents, multi-problem households, marginal, asocial persons, and other social misfits”. Source: Amartya Sen(2000): Social Exclusion:Concepts,applications and scrutiny, ADB

Categories of Social Exclusion • Active • Passive Source: Sen, 2000

Forms of Social Exclusion • Rejection of Participation • Credit Market Exclusion • Gender Exclusion • Health Care Exclusion Source: Sen, 2000

9. Social Analysis • Carried out for projects with significant social impacts

Project Classification Based on Social Impact Projects which are expected to have a direct, positive social impact. Ex: Agriculture & Social Infrastructure Sectors CATEGORY A: Projects that rarely have an immediate, direct (positive or negative) social impact. Ex: Energy, Transport, and Industrial Sectors CATEGORY B: Projects which have the potential for direct negative impacts on the lives of many people. Ex: Large dams, highways, mining CATEGORY C: Source: ADB, 1991

Types of Social Assessment • Rapid Social Assessment (RSA) • Social Design Study (SDS) Source: ADB, 1991

Process to Determine the Need for an SDS Source: ADB, 1991

A TYPICAL RSA REPORT FORM Source: ADB, 1991

Objectives of the Social Design Study • Optimize project design by integrating target group preferences and priorities • Develop appropriate project implementation strategies • Provide a detailed social justification for the project • Identify major social risks which may affect project implementation • Provide detailed drafts of any conditions and covenants which need to be attached to report. Source: ADB, 1991

Social Dimensions of Sustainable Development, Part2