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THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 1877-1945

THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 1877-1945. LECTURE 10 U.S. AND WORLD WAR TWO. AFTER PEARL HARBOR. Losses in the Pacific (Wake Island, Gilbert Islands, Japan takes Burma, Hong Kong, Singapore, Java) 1942: loss of the Philippines, defeat at Corregidor Death march of Bataan

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THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 1877-1945

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  1. THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 1877-1945 LECTURE 10 U.S. AND WORLD WAR TWO

  2. AFTER PEARL HARBOR • Losses in the Pacific (Wake Island, Gilbert Islands, Japan takes Burma, Hong Kong, Singapore, Java) • 1942: loss of the Philippines, defeat at Corregidor • Death march of Bataan • Japanese push into the South Pacific

  3. BATAAN DEATH MARCH • A Japanese war crime • 75,000 American and Filippino soldiers forced on a 97 km march • One week march in tropical heat • Physical abuse: beating, starvation, murder, surrendering soldiers seen as coward • War criminals: Masaru Homma, (1945) Hideki Tojo (1958) were executed

  4. BATAAN DEATH MARCH

  5. TURNING POINT AT THE PACIFIC • 1942: Battle of the Coral Sea-saving Australia • 1942: Battle at Midway • Admiral Nimitz v. Admiral Yamamoto • Greatest naval battle fought without ships • (bombers, carriers)

  6. BATTLE AT MIDWAY

  7. MOBILIZATION AT HOME • German submarine warfare in the Atlantic • Government orders military production • Extending military service to age 18-45 • 15 million people drafted • Churchill: Once the fire is lit under the boiler there is no limit to the power it can generate

  8. ECONOMIC CONVERSION AND MOBILIZATION • War Production Board • Office of Scientific Research and Development (radar, sonar) • War bonds • Full employment

  9. ECONOMIC MOBILIZATION • Federal government takes an active role in the economy • Guarantees loans, provides subsidies, eliminates bidding • Automobile industry converted to wartime production • 100,000 planes are produced by the end of the war

  10. ECONOMIC MOBILIZATION • Office of Price Administration • Established in 1942 • Freezes prices, controls rents, institutes rationing • Promoting self-sacrifice: use it up, wear it out, make it do, or do without!

  11. EFFECT ON SOCIETY • Women:employmentinpreviouslymaledominatedjobs • Rosietheriveter, 6 millionwomen enter the labor force • WomenArmyCorps WACS • WomenAcceptedforVoluntaryEmergency Service WAVES • Doyour part, free a man for service! • Older,marriedwomenintheworkforce

  12. ROSIE THE RIVETER

  13. EFFECTS ON SOCIETY • Blacks: • 1941: Marchon Washington (NAACP, Brotherhood of theSleepingCarPorters) ledby A PhillipRandolph • I million serve in the armed forces and defense industry • Segregated units, but start of desegregation efforts • Govt. reinforces FairEmployment Practices • Forbidding discrimination in defense work and training programs • 1943: Detroit Race Riots

  14. EFFECTS ON SOCIETY • Japanese:ImmigrationAct of 1924 barstheirimmigration • 1941: 260,000 Japanese, 150,000 livein Hawaii (smallfarmers, business people) • After Pearl Harbor, fear of Japaneseinvasion • Governor of Idaho: The Japslivelikerats, breedlikerats and actlikerats. Wedon'twantthem." • 10 relocationcamps, resembling minimum securityprisons

  15. EFFECTS ON SOCIETY • Japanese: • War Relocation Camps both for Isei, Nisei • Executive order by FDR authorizing relocations • Manzanar, Topaz, • Japanese seen as security risks • Fears are unfounded

  16. EFFECTS ON SOCIETY • Japanese: • 100th InfantryBattalion and the 442nd RegimentalCombat Team containingJapanesesoldiersfightbravelyonthe Italian Front. • SupremeCourtupheldtheconstitutionality of internment: Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) • Ex parte Endo: CourtdeclarestheWarRelocationAuthorityactedunconstitutionallyindetaining a citizenloyaltothe U.S.

  17. EFFECTS ON SOCIETY • Mexican-Americans • 1943 Zoot Suit Riot • Clash between young Mexicans and American sailors in Los Angeles • Bracero program 1942-1945

  18. ZOOT SUITERS

  19. THE HOME FRONT • Womenasmanagers of thehome, main task: rationing and dealingwithshortage of domesticresources • Carrygroceriesinstead of driving, plantvictorygardens • WhowasRosietheRiveter? • Not a promoter of changeinsociety, buttherepresentationoftheidealfemaleworker • Alldaylongwhetherrainorshine, she is part of the assembly line, she is makinghistoryworkingforvictory

  20. WARTIME PROPAGANDA • Women do their part for the war • Patriotic duty • High earnings • Glamour of work • Same as housework • Spousal pride

  21. DOMESTIC CONSERVATISM • Dissatisfaction with New Deal • Republican resurgence American Liberty League • Charles Lindbergh speaks up against U.S. involvement in the War, June 20th 1941 • Rolling back labor legislation • Criticism of working women • Children left alone, increased youth crime

  22. TURNING POINT IN EUROPE • 1941: Germany attacks the Soviet Union • 1942: Defeat of Afrika Korps at El Alamein • 1943: Stalingrad • 1944 June 6 D-Day • 1945 May 8 V-E Day

  23. D-DAY • probably the most carefully planned and executed military operation in history • combined amphibious and aerial assault across the English Channel • Importance of meteorologicinformation • Moon’sinfluenceontides • Invasionstartsat 6.30 AM • Decisionday, disembarkationday, H hour, D day

  24. D-DAY • 150,000 men, 30,000 vessels • 13,000 parachuters, 300 planesdropping 13 000 bombs • George Hicks: radiobroadcast: You see the ships lying in all directions, just like black shadows on the grey sky. . . Now planes are going overhead... Heavy fire now just behind us... bombs bursting on the shore and along in the convoys. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnomrhP6sVs

  25. THE PACIFIC OFFENSIVE • Island hopping • Three directional Allied offensive • From Australia to Japan, from Hawaii to the Central Pacific, a push to Burma, to free Southeast Asia • Capturing islands that are strategically important, bypassing others

  26. IVO JIMA • SulphurIslands, neededas an emergencylandingstripfor B-29s, preparingfortheinvasion of Japan • 36 daybattle , • 5th MarineDivision 28th Marines 110 000 men • Attackon Mount Suribachi • throwing human flesh against reinforced concrete. • 1945, February: flagraising • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AnomrhP6sVs

  27. IVO JIMA

  28. IVO JIMA • ”Among the Americans serving on Iwo island, uncommon valor was a common virtue."(Adm. Chester A. Nimitz) • "Holland, the raising of that flag on Suribachi means a Marine Corps for the next 500 years."(Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, after witnessing the flag raising on 23Feb45) • Storm'd at with shot and shell Bravely they rode and well Into the Jaws of Death Into the Mouth of Hell

  29. THE MANHATTAN PROJECT • July 16, 1945 Alamogordo test explosion • 428 000 acre industrial complex in New Mexico • It (the explosion) rose from the desert like a second sun, a searing, brilliant, expanding ball of fire, and it struck terror in everyone who witnessed it.Stephen Walker

  30. CLOSING THE WAR • 1945 August 6: Hiroshima • 1945 august 9: Nagasaki • President Truman ordered the dropping of the A-bomb • September 2, 1945 Japan surrenders • World War Two is over

  31. https://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A2KLqIWHzWlUcG8AkIn7w8QF;_ylu=X3oDMTB2bWFrcG9nBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDdmlkBHZ0aWQDVjE3NQRncG9zAzI-?p=surrender+of+japan+youtube&vid=2ac622e7f02d55e0382e1eba5b927aac&l=2%3A21&turl=http%3A%2F%2Fts3.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DVN.608002391198533882%26pid%3D15.1&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAsZ0qwJSbuQ&tit=%3Cb%3ESurrender+of+Japan+%3C%2Fb%3Eto+the+Allied+forces+aboard+the+USS+Missouri%2C+victims+%3Cb%3Eof+Japan%3C%2Fb%3E...HD+Stock+Footage&c=1&sigr=11a72mjme&sigt=13ifmksuc&age=0&&tt=bhttps://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A2KLqIWHzWlUcG8AkIn7w8QF;_ylu=X3oDMTB2bWFrcG9nBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDdmlkBHZ0aWQDVjE3NQRncG9zAzI-?p=surrender+of+japan+youtube&vid=2ac622e7f02d55e0382e1eba5b927aac&l=2%3A21&turl=http%3A%2F%2Fts3.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DVN.608002391198533882%26pid%3D15.1&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAsZ0qwJSbuQ&tit=%3Cb%3ESurrender+of+Japan+%3C%2Fb%3Eto+the+Allied+forces+aboard+the+USS+Missouri%2C+victims+%3Cb%3Eof+Japan%3C%2Fb%3E...HD+Stock+Footage&c=1&sigr=11a72mjme&sigt=13ifmksuc&age=0&&tt=b

  32. NUCLEAR DAWN

  33. HIROSHIMA

  34. VJ day • https://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play;_ylt=A0LEV0_UzmlUCMIAhdNXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTB0Z2JmZ2NuBHNlYwNzYwRjb2xvA2JmMQR2dGlkA1ZJUDU1MV8x?p=vj+day+kiss+youtube&tnr=21&vid=2C3288C7797981591B522C3288C7797981591B52&l=176&turl=http%3A%2F%2Fts3.mm.bing.net%2Fth%3Fid%3DUN.608039903428676058%26pid%3D15.1&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DmPHRp0us9X4&sigr=11adebprp&tt=b&tit=1945+The+VJ+Day+Kiss&sigt=10k44e5dh&back=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%3Fp%3Dvj%2Bday%2Bkiss%2Byoutube%26fr%3Dmoz2-ytff-yff30%26ei%3DUTF-8&sigb=12hp8o75i

  35. LEGACY OF WORLD WAR TWO • 400,000 deaths • Military, economic, political superpower • Formation of the military-industrial complex • Vast social changes, increasing economic role for women • Foreign policy will be built on the expectation of war • Beginning of the Cold War

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