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“Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”

English Lexicology (II). “Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”. Contents. 5. Word-Formation I: the Major Processes 6. Word-Formation II: the Minor Processes 7. Motivation. To be continued. Chapter 5 Word-Formation I: The Major Processes.

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“Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”

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  1. English Lexicology (II) “Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”

  2. Contents • 5. Word-Formation I: the Major Processes • 6. Word-Formation II: the Minor Processes • 7. Motivation To be continued English Lexicology(II)

  3. Chapter 5 Word-Formation I: The Major Processes 5.1 General Remarks 5.2 Prefixation 5.3 Suffixation 5.4 Conversion 5.5 Compounding

  4. 5.1 General Remarks • The three major processes • affixation or derivation (17.5%) • Prefixation • suffixation • conversion (10.5%) • composition or compounding (27%) English Lexicology(II)

  5. 5.2 Prefixation • The definition of prefixation • Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. However, there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixes • Non-class-changing prefixes: natural-unnatural, like-dislike, fair-unfair • Class-changing prefixes: force-enforce, danger-endanger, form-deform, little-belittle, war-postwar, college-intercollege English Lexicology(II)

  6. 5.2 Prefixation • The classification of prefixes • In some reference books, prefixes (and suffixes) are classified according to their source, but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view. It seems more helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories: English Lexicology(II)

  7. 5.2 Prefixation • 1) Negative prefixes English Lexicology(II)

  8. Order Literate Symmetry Governmental Relevant Productive Believable Vulnerable Sane Related Aligned Mature Disorder Illiterate Asymmetry Nongovernmental Irrelevant Unproductive Unbelievable Invulnerable Insane Unrelated Nonaligned Immature 5.2 Prefixation English Lexicology(II)

  9. 5.2 Prefixation • 2) Reversative or privative English Lexicology(II)

  10. Centralize Plane Infect Zip Regulate Possess Pollute Decentralize Deplane Disinfect Unzip Deregulate Dispossess Depollute 5.2 Prefixation English Lexicology(II)

  11. 5.2 Prefixation • 3) Pejorative prefixes English Lexicology(II)

  12. 5.2 Prefixation • 4) Prefixes of degree or size English Lexicology(II)

  13. Computer Critical Conscious Natural Sensitive Simple Number Statement culture Minicomputer Ultracritic /hypercritic Subconscious Supernatural Hypersensitive/ultrasensitive Oversimple Outnumber Understatement Subculture 5.2 Prefixation English Lexicology(II)

  14. 5.2 Prefixation • 5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude English Lexicology(II)

  15. 5.2 Prefixation • 6) Locative prefixes English Lexicology(II)

  16. View Conference Continental Ground Cast Specific Racial Shore Interview teleconference Intercontinental Foreground Telecast Transpacific Transracial Foreshore 5.2 Prefixation English Lexicology(II)

  17. 5.2 Prefixation • 7) Prefixes of time and order English Lexicology(II)

  18. 5.2 Prefixation • 8) Number prefixes English Lexicology(II)

  19. Lingual Lateral Polar Dimensional Unilingual, bilingual, trilingual, multilingual Unilateral, bilateral, trilateral, multilateral Unipolar, bipolar, tripolar, multipolar Unidimensional, bidimensional, tridimensional (three-dimensional), multidimensional 5.2 Prefixation English Lexicology(II)

  20. 5.2 Prefixation • 9) Conversion prefixes English Lexicology(II)

  21. 5.2 Prefixation • 10) Miscellaneous prefixes English Lexicology(II)

  22. 5.3 Suffixation • The definition of suffixation • Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. However, they may also add attached meaning to the stem. English Lexicology(II)

  23. 5.3 Suffixation • The classification of suffixes • Since suffixes mainly change the word class, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into • 1) noun suffixes • 2) adjective suffixes • 3) adverb suffixes • 4) verb suffixes English Lexicology(II)

  24. 5.3 Suffixation • 1) Noun suffixes • Noun suffixes may be subdivided into the following five kinds. • Denominal nouns (concrete or abstract) • Deverbal nouns • De-adjectival nouns • Noun and adjective suffixes English Lexicology(II)

  25. 5.3 Suffixation • 1) Noun suffixes English Lexicology(II)

  26. 5.3 Suffixation • 1) Noun suffixes English Lexicology(II)

  27. 5.3 Suffixation • 1) Noun suffixes English Lexicology(II)

  28. 5.3 Suffixation • 1) Noun suffixes English Lexicology(II)

  29. 5.3 Suffixation • 1) Noun suffixes English Lexicology(II)

  30. 5.3 Suffixation • 2) Adjective Suffixes English Lexicology(II)

  31. 5.3 Suffixation • 2) Adjective Suffixes English Lexicology(II)

  32. 5.3 Suffixation • 2) Adjective Suffixes English Lexicology(II)

  33. 5.3 Suffixation • 3) Adverb Suffixes English Lexicology(II)

  34. 5.3 Suffixation • 4) Verb suffixes English Lexicology(II)

  35. False Sterile Intense Fat Horror Memory Apology Falsify Sterilize Intensify Fatten Horrify Memorize Apologize 5.3 Suffixation English Lexicology(II)

  36. 5.4 Conversion • The definition of conversion • Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生). English Lexicology(II)

  37. 5.4 Conversion • Major types of conversion • Noun-verb conversion • Verb-noun conversion • Adjective-noun conversion English Lexicology(II)

  38. 5.4 Conversion • Noun-verb conversion • He elbowed his way through the crowd. • Problems snowballed by the hour. • The newspaper headlined his long record of accomplishments. • Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David. English Lexicology(II)

  39. Abuse Advice House Use Belief Grief Shelf mouth Abuse Advise House Use Believe Grieve Shelve Mouth 5.4 Conversion Changes of pronunciation and spelling English Lexicology(II)

  40. 5.4 Conversion • Verb-noun conversion • He was admitted to the university after a three-year wait. • This little restaurant is quite a find. • It is a good buy. • He took a close look at the machine. • doubt, smell, desire, want, attempt, hit, reply, divide English Lexicology(II)

  41. 5.4 Conversion • Verb-noun conversion • Phrasal verb-noun conversion English Lexicology(II)

  42. Conflict Abstract Contrast Decrease Discount Export Rebel Permit Progress Protest Transfer Transplant Survey Torment 5.4 Conversion Shift of stress English Lexicology(II)

  43. 5.4 Conversion • Adjective-noun conversion • Partial conversion • Complete conversion English Lexicology(II)

  44. 5.4 Conversion • Adjective-noun conversion • Partial conversion • Denoting a quality or a state common to a group of person: the deaf, the blind, the poor, the wounded • Denoting peoples of a nation (ending in –sh, -se, -ch): the English, the Chinese, the Danish, the Scotch • Denoting a quality in the abstract: a strong dislike for the sentimental, to distinguish the false and the true, from the sublime to the ridiculous • Denoting a single person (converted from participles): the accused, the deceased, the deserted, the condemned English Lexicology(II)

  45. 5.4 Conversion • Adjective-noun conversion • Complete conversion • A native, two natives, a returned native • He is a natural for the job. • Tom is one of our regulars, he comes in for a drink about this time every night. • To them she is not a brusque crazy, but appropriately passionate. • They are the creatives in the advertising department. English Lexicology(II)

  46. 5.5 Compounding • The definition of compounding • Composition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. It is a common device which has been productive at every period of the English language. Today the largest number of new words are formed by compounding. English Lexicology(II)

  47. 5.5 Compounding • Forms of compounds • Solid: bedtime, honeymoon • Hyphenated: above-mentioned, town-planning • Open: reading material, hot line English Lexicology(II)

  48. 5.5 Compounding • Types of compounds • Noun compounds • Adjective compounds • Verb compounds English Lexicology(II)

  49. 5.5 Compounding • Noun compounds • Headache, housekeeping, hot line, swimming pool, raindrop, breakdown, biological clock, identity crisis English Lexicology(II)

  50. 5.5 Compounding • Adjective compounds • Weather-beatenrocks, peaceloving people,everlasting friendship, a difficult-to-operate machine, a made-up story, an on the spotinspection, taxfreeproducts, fire-proofdress English Lexicology(II)

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