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Understanding Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation Process

Learn about the purpose and steps of transcription and translation, gene expression regulation, and roles of DNA and RNA in cell differentiation. Explore changes in DNA and their significance in this informative video and drag-and-drop activity.

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Understanding Protein Synthesis: Transcription and Translation Process

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  1. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY: MARIAH GUMFORY

  2. Objectives • Explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation • Recognize that gene expression is a regulated process • Describe the roles of DNA and RNA in cell differentiation • Identify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes

  3. Protein synthesis video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo

  4. What is protein synthesis? • Process whereby DNA encodes for the production of amino acids and proteins • Refers to a multi-step process, beginning with amino acid synthesis and transcription of nuclear DNA into messenger RNA, which is then used as input for translation

  5. Why do we need it? • We need proteins! • Proteins make up enzymes, hormones and components of cell membranes among many other things

  6. mrna • Molecule of RNA that encodes a chemical "blueprint" for a protein product • Carries coding information to the sites of protein synthesis: the ribosomes • Read in a series of triplets called codons • Example of a codon: AUG

  7. trna • Functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and peptide sequences by picking up amino acids and matching them to the proper codons in mRNA • Each tRNA carries one amino acid that corresponds to an mRNA codon • The proper amino acid is joined to the tRNA by the enzyme aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

  8. Ribosome • Composed of two subunits: a large and a small • Work bench for protein assembly

  9. Step 1: transcription • DNA unwinds and “unzips” • Enzymes match RNA nucleotides to unzipped nitrogen bases of the DNA and form one strand of mRNA • The strand of mRNA detaches and heads off out of the nucleus for a ribosome • DNA re-zips and twists back up again

  10. Step 2: Translation • Small ribosomal subunit binds to the mRNA • Initiator tRNA binds to the binds with the start codon of mRNA • Large ribosomal subunit binds to the complex and starts the polypeptide chain • A second tRNA comes in and binds to the next mRNA codon • The ribosome advances down the line to the next codon, and the process continues • Rinse and repeat until a STOP codon is reached and a brand new polypeptide is released and ready to be used.

  11. Drag and drop activity • http://www.zerobio.com/drag_oa/protein/transcription.htm

  12. Objectives • Explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation • Recognize that gene expression is a regulated process • Describe the roles of DNA and RNA in cell differentiation • Identify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes

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