Origins of Humans

1. Origins of Humans CHAPTER 1

2. Humans and Their Environment II. Time Periods 1. Paleolithic Period: The Old Stone Age – nomadic, tribal, hunter and gathers a. Art and Tools i. art based on nature, example cave drawings ii. tools created based on need 2. Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic Revolution) a. Causes • Climate change – world warmed up • Population rise – people needed food b. farming methods • Slash and burn c. Plant / animal domestication a. Created a stable food supple b. Animals tamed for labor, food and protection c. Plants grown for stable food supply ~

3. Humans Continued • Neolithic Period: The New Stone Age • More sophisticated • People settled small villages, b/c of farming • When culture begins~

4. Socialization of Humans • Development of Complex Settlements A. Individuals 1. lowest level, people primitive, nomadic, hunters and gathers 2. level of earliest humans 3. provide little protection 4. all of the work to gather and hunt on one person B. Bands 1. people still primitive, nomadic, hunters and gathers 2. usually made up of 5-15 people 3. provides more protection 4. more people to gather and hunt, more surplus food ~

5. Socialization of Humans C. Tribes 1. level when people were during the Paleolithic era 2. contained 20-100 people 3. groups could be come more sophisticated 4. people still nomadic, hunters and gathers 5. offered more protection and food supply D. Villages 1. Characteristics a. People now created modern concepts like government, religion, and social classes b. will be large of small c. Some will eventually grow into cities~

6. Socialization of Humans 2. Agricultural Revolution a. Caused the settlement of villages b. People now farm and no longer are nomadic, they still hunt c. Jarmo - revolution started here - located in NE mountains of Iraq - first human village ~

7. Socialization Continued 3. Cities a. Will grow out of villages b. Historians say when cities were created, true civilizations began c. Economic Changes i. Villages have too much food, so everyone does not have to be a farmer ii. Led people to take on other jobs iii. These people became known as artisans - craftspeople d. Social Changes i. Social classes formed based on wealth ii. Religious beliefs started ~

8. Socialization Continued e. City Life i. Trade - all cities had a central market - traders participated in a barter system ii. Religion - based on nature - people worshipped in a temple called a Ziggurat f. Ur i. Earliest city, founded around 3000 BC ii. found in Mesopotamia, had a population of about 30,000 F. Nation / States 1. highest level 2. The US is at this level~

9. What is Civilization? • 5 Components of Civilization A. Advanced Cities 1. Cities with larger populations arise,become centers of trade B. Specialization 1. Labor becomes specialized—specific skills of workers developed 2. Artisansmake goods that show skill and artistic ability C. Complex Institutions 1. Institutions—(governments, religion, the economy) are established 2. Governments establish laws, maintain order 3. Temples are centers for religion, government, and trade~

10. What is Civilization? • Record Keeping 1. Professional record keepers, scribes, record taxes and laws 2. Scribesinvent cuneiform, a system of writing about 3000 B.C. 3. People begin to write about city events • Advanced Technology 1. New tools and techniques make work easier The Bronze Age starts in Sumer around 3000 B.C. 2. People replace copper and stone with bronze to make tools, weapons~