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Structure and Function of the Cell

Chapter 4. Structure and Function of the Cell. Chapter 4, Section 1. A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all of the processes of life. The development of the microscope enabled scientists to take their first close look at cells.

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Structure and Function of the Cell

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  1. Chapter 4 Structure and Function of the Cell

  2. Chapter 4, Section 1 • A cell is the smallest unit that can carry on all of the processes of life. The development of the microscope enabled scientists to take their first close look at cells.

  3. The cell theory states that (1) all living things are composed of one or more cells. (2) cells are the units of structure and function in an organism, and (3) cells come only from preexisting cells. • The ratio of surface area to volume determines how large a cell can get. Most plant and animal cells are only about .0004 in. to .002 in. in diameter.

  4. A cell’s shape reflects its function. • Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, but prokaryotic cells have neither.

  5. Chapter 4, Section 2 • The cell membrane is selectively permeable and consists mostly of lipids and proteins. Both move constantly within the membrane, as described by the fluid mosaic model.

  6. Mitochondria are organelles in which the energy in organic compounds is transferred to ATP. Mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane. • Ribosomes are involved in the syntheses of proteins. Some ribosomes are free in the cytosol. Others are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which prepares proteins for export from the cell or insertion of the cell membrane. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes.

  7. The Golgi apparatus is the cell’s processing, packaging, and secreting organelle. • Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest organic compounds, old cell parts, and other materials. • The cytoskeleton includes microfilaments and microtubules, strands of protein that help cells move and maintain their shape.

  8. Cilia and flagella assist in cell movement. Both are made of nine pairs of microtubules arranged around a central pair. • The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane and contains chromatin, a combination of DNA and protein. DNA stores hereditary information and directs the synthesis of RNA. RNA directs the synthesis of proteins in the cytosol.

  9. Plant cells contain three structures not found in animal cells: cell walls, vacuoles, and plastids. • A rigid cell wall covers the cell membrane in plant cells and provides support and protection. • Large fluid-filled vacuoles store enzymes and waste products within plant cells.

  10. Plastids store starch, fats, and pigments in plant cells. One type of plastid, the chloroplast, is the site where light energy is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis.

  11. Chapter 4, Section 3 • The cells in most multicellular organisms are organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems. • The earliest cells on Earth were probably single-celled prokaryotes. Unicellular eukaryotes evolved later, followed by multicellular organisms.

  12. A colonial organism is a group of genetically identical cells that live together in closely connected groups. Some of the cells that make up a colonial organism are specialized to perform certain tasks, like movement or reproduction.

  13. Thats all folks!

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