The Holocaust

1. The Holocaust

2. Progression of Holocaust • Boycott of Jewish Businesses • Nuremberg Laws • Kristallnacht • Jewish Ghettos • Concentration Camps • Death Camps

3. Boycott of Jewish Businesses • Included ALL Jewish, shops, goods, doctors, and lawyers • Purpose: Isolate Jews both socially & economically from German society. • Offered: official channel for the outpouring of hatred and jealousy that had swept the Nazis into power • 10,000 fired from Jobs • Businesses marked with Stars and attacked.

4. "Germans, defend yourselves, buy only at German shops!"

5. Nuremberg Laws • Restricted freedom of Jews • -Stripped Jews of their civil rights and property • Violence increased against Jews • Part of the goal was to get Jews to leave. • Designed to separate Aryans from non-Aryans and define the rights of a citizen • Gave Jews inferior status in German Society

6. Reich of Citizenship Law 1. Forbade mixed marriages • Can’t fly 3rd Reich Flag • All Jews had to register with the government • Jews had to wear a yellow star of David.

8. KristallnachtNovember 9-10, 1938 • Night of Shattered Glass • National Campaign of Terror • Why: supposedly retaliation for the assassination of a German official by a Jewish Student • 1,000s of SS soldiers and non-Jewish German sympathizers went on a rampage.

10. Devastation • 101 synagogues destroyed by fire. • 76 demolished • 7,500 shops destroyed • 100 killed • 30,000 arrested • Enacted a fine of $400,000,000 on the Jewish community

11. Why don’t they leave? • Jews were now impoverished • Many countries feared massive wave of Jewish refugees and closed their borders to ALL Jews.

12. Saint Louis • May 1939 • Ship was loaded with 900 Jews on their way to Cuba • When arrived in Cuba government had changed mind about letting them in • Went to US and begged for entrance off the coast of Miami • WE turned them away • Returned to Germany and many were sent to concentration camps • Belgium, Holland, England, and France tried to take some.

14. Jewish Ghettos • Segregated the Jewish population in Europe from Non-Jewish population. • Small areas within a city that were sealed off with barbed wire or walls. • Temporary way to concentrate the Jews until they could achieve goal of eliminating or killing them all. • 1939-All over northern & eastern Europe • Warsaw Ghetto in Poland • 500,000 Jews (45,000 died)

17. Genocide • Deliberate killing of an entire people • Called the final solution to the Jewish question • Goal was the disappearance of Jewry from Europe

18. Concentration Camps • Set up at beginning to control and terrorize population of Europe • Prisoners were starved, tortured, worked to death and most cases murdered. • Death was a by-product of forced labor • Prisoner's living quarters consisted of crowded wooden barracks with beds made of wood boards. • Monitored 24 hours a day.

20. Unimaginable terrors • Families broken up • Torture • Chronic hunger • Disease • Unsanitary living conditions • Physical exhaustion • Demoralized prisoners

21. An Aerial Photograph of Auschwitz

23. Death Camps • End of 1942 • 6 Major Camps-Auschwitz-Birkenau , Treblinka , Belzec , Sobibór, Lublin (also called Majdanek • All in Poland • Purpose was extermination • Better, faster and less personal way of killing the Jews. • Gas Chambers: Large chambers in which people were executed by poison gas.

26. Who was involved? • Victims • Perpetrators • Bystanders • Resisters • Rescuers • Liberators

27. Victims • Approximately 11 million people were killed because of Nazi genocidal policy. • It was the explicit aim of Hitler's regime to create a European world both dominated and populated by the "Aryan" race. • The Nazi machinery was dedicated to eradicating millions of people it deemed undesirable. • Some people were undesirable by Nazi standards because of who they were,their genetic or cultural origins, or health conditions. • Jews, Gypsies, Poles and other Slavs, and people with physical or mental disabilities. • Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, the dissenting clergy, Communists, Socialists, • Those believed by Hitler and the Nazis to be enemies of the state were banished to camps.

28. Perpetrators • The National Socialist German Workers' Party or NSDAP , known as the Nazi Party, controlled Germany from 1933 to 45. • Nazis labeled and isolated Jews, • Gypsies • Slavs • homosexuals • political prisoners • the mentally and physically disabled • Millions were murdered in attacks by the Gestapo , the SA , and the SS , in mass killings of the Einsatzgruppen, in and around Nazi concentration, and later death camps. • Although Adolf Hitler is often perceived as the chief perpetrator, there were others. • believed in an ideology of racial cleansing. • They profited financially

29. Bystanders • were ordinary people who played it safe. • As private citizens, they complied with the laws and tried to avoid the terrorizing activities of the Nazi regime. • They wanted to get on with their daily lives. • During the war, the collective world's response toward the murder of millions of people was minimal. • Bystanders may have remained unaware, or perhaps were aware of victimization going on around them, but, being fearful of the consequences, chose not to take risk to help Nazi victims.

30. First they came for the communists, and I did not speak outbecause I was not a communist.Then they came for the socialists, and I did not speak outbecause I was not a socialist.Then they came for the labor leaders, and I did not speak outbecause I was not a labor leader.Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak outbecause I was not a Jew.Then they came for me, and there was no oneleft to speak out for me.

31. Resisters • As fear and terror became everyday truths for many Europeans during the Holocaust, standards of daily reality shifted dramatically. The very act of survival became an act of defiance. • Resistance against the Third Reich took many forms.

32. Rescuers • Rescuers are those who, at great personal risk, actively helped members of persecuted groups, primarily Jews, during the Holocaust in defiance of Third Reich policy. • They were ordinary people who became extraordinary people because they acted in accordance with their own belief systems while living in an immoral society. • Thousands survived the Holocaust because of the daring of these rescuers. Although in total their number is statistically small, rescuers were all colossal people.

33. Liberators • Allied troops liberated prisoners of concentration camps. • Although these soldiers had witnessed all the horrors of war, the condition of the prisoners in the camps was even more shocking. It was beyond any war scene the soldiers had experienced. • There were rows upon rows of bodies stacked up like cordwood. • Upon encountering the Ohrdruf concentration camp, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, then Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces in Europe, was overwhelmed with emotion. • Liberators struggled to make sense of the scenes they witnessed. Allied troops, physicians, and relief workers tried to provide nourishment and medicine for the prisoners, but many were too weak and could not be saved.