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Chapter 10

Chapter 10. Sex and Gender. Chapter Outline. Sex: The Biological Dimension Gender: The Cultural Dimension Gender Stratification in Historical and Contemporary Perspective Gender and Socialization Contemporary Gender Inequality Perspectives on Gender Stratification

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Chapter 10

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  1. Chapter 10 Sex and Gender

  2. Chapter Outline • Sex: The Biological Dimension • Gender: The Cultural Dimension • Gender Stratification in Historical and Contemporary Perspective • Gender and Socialization • Contemporary Gender Inequality • Perspectives on Gender Stratification • Gender Issues in the Future

  3.  Sex and Gender • Sex refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males. • Gender refers to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males.

  4. Sex: The Biological Dimension • At birth, males and females are distinguished by primary sex characteristics. • Occasionally, a hormone imbalance produces a hermaphrodite - a person with a combination of male and female genitalia. • Western societies acknowledge two sexes; other societies recognize three - men, women, and berdaches, males who behave, dress, work,and are treated as women.

  5. Gender: The Cultural Dimension • Most “sex differences” are socially constructed “gender differences”. • Gender is embedded in the images, ideas, and language of a society. • Gender is used as a means to divide up work, allocate resources, and distribute power.

  6. Sexism • Subordination of one sex based on the assumed superiority of the other sex. • Sexism directed at women has three components: • Negative attitudes toward women. • Stereotypical beliefs that reinforce, complement, or justify the prejudice. • Discrimination - acts that exclude, distance, or keep women separate.

  7. Gender Stereotypes • Hold that men and women are different in attributes, behavior and aspirations. • Men: strong, rational, dominant, independent, less concerned with appearance. • Women: weak, emotional, nurturing, dependent, anxious about appearance.

  8. Technoeconomic Bases of Society

  9. Technoeconomic Bases of Society

  10. Technoeconomic Bases of Society

  11. Technoeconomic Bases of Society

  12. Gendered Division of Labor Three factors: • Type of subsistence base. • Supply of and demand for labor. • The extent to which women's child-rearing activities are compatible with certain types of work.

  13. Increase in Single Mothers • Between 1990 and 2000, the number of U.S. families headed by single mothers increased by 25%. • A single mother is defined as a widowed, divorced, separated, or never married woman who has children under 18 living at home. • This increase may indicate that “traditional” households are in decline.

  14.  Parents and Gender Socialization • Children's clothing and toys reflect their parents' gender expectations. • Children are often assigned household tasks according to gender.

  15. Peers and Gender Socialization • Peers help children learn gender‑appropriate and inappropriate behavior. • During adolescence, peers often are more effective at gender socialization than adults. • College student peers play an important role in career choices and the establishment of long term, intimate relationships.

  16. Schools and Gender Socialization • Teachers provide messages about gender through classroom assignments and informal interactions with students. • Teachers may unintentionally show favoritism toward one gender over the other.

  17. Sports and Gender Socialization • From elementary school through high school: • Boys play football. • Girls are cheerleaders, members of the drill team, and homecoming queens. • For many males, sports is a training ground for masculinity.

  18. Mass Media and Gender Socialization On television: • Male characters typically are more aggressive, constructive, and direct. • Females are deferential toward others or use manipulation to get their way.

  19. Percent of Women, African Americans, and Hispanics in Selected Occupations

  20. The Wage Gap • Women’s wages are always lower than those of men in the same age group. • The older women get, the greater the gap. • Women ages 15–24 earn 80 cents for every dollar earned by men the same age. • Women ages 55–64 earn only 45 cents for every dollar earned by men ages 55–64.

  21. The Wage Gap • White men earn more than African American and Hispanic men. • Across racial–ethnic groupings, men’s earnings remain higher than the earnings of women in the ethnic grouping. • Regardless of occupation, women on average receive lower wages.

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