Animal ethics

1. Animal ethics Dr Roopa P Nayak Prof & HOD,Pharmacology Yenepoya Medical College

2. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH: • •Bio: “life or living organism” • •Medical: “healing; pertaining to the science, study, or practice of medicine, or the art of healing diseases” • •Research: “careful examination in some field of knowledge to establish facts or principles”

3. BIOMEDICAL METHODS In vitro Early stage experiments contain lab containers, biological tissue samples Animal model Best predictors of human responses in high order animals Human Last clinical stage study of new vaccine or medicine in human volunteer Non Animal Preliminary stage Chemical, Mechanical Mathematical, Computational

4. Why animals are used in research??

6. HISTORY Laika

7. FIRST DOG IN SPACE LAIKA Laika, a mixed bred stray dog ‘recruited’ to the Soviet space program Moscow. The first creature to orbit the Earth in an attempt to study the prolonged effect of weightlessness on a living being. This was good news for human spaceflight It appeared that weightlessness alone did not cause major changes to the vital physiological functions of a living creature . Laika was 3 years old when she was launched on the Sputnik 2 spacecraft on November 3rd 1957. She was secured in a special pressurized 1957 capsule 3 days before launch and provided with a high nutrition gel for food and water.

8. History • The greatest drug discoveries in the 19th and 20th centuries were possible due to the use of animals. • Over the last century, most of the Nobel Prize for medical research has been dependent on animal research. • The first Nobel prize in 1901 in medicine was for serum therapy and research involving use of horses.

9. Uses of animals in experimentation

10. Commonly used animals in experiments

12. Animal Ethics • Ethics based – “Each animal has the right to life.” • We do research at their cost. • Research – low suffering and highly beneficial – acceptable. • Animal use in biomedical research – understand fundamental aspects – facilitates development of therapeutic measures.

13. Animal experiments – not allowed – replacement alternative available. • Govt. Ministry of environment and forest constituted a statutory body under prevention of cruelty to animals Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA)

14. HISTORY OF ANIMAL ETHICS Global •1641- First Legislation forbidding cruelty to animals passed in the Court of Massachusetts • 1820- First anti-cruelty law was passed in England. • 1824 and 1865 - Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) in England and USA • 1871- “The British Association for the Advancement of Science” published guidelines for animal experimentation American Antivivisection society came into existence

15. • 1876 - Prevention of cruelty to animals Act- United Kingdom(anti-vivisectionists) • Animal Ethics issue began in Europe in the 1960s. – Ruth Harrison’s Animal Machines • – Brambell Committee 1965 • 1993 UK Farm Animal Welfare Council published the 5 new freedoms.

16. History of ethics in India • 1874–Bombay SPCA (Societies for Protection and Care of Animals) • 1890- Act preventing cruelty to animalsimplemented

17. Laws and regulations

18. Laws and regulations